Detection of Aeromonas hydrophila in Raw Milk and Soft Cheese in Baghdad City
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The frequency and distribution pattern of Aeromonas hydrophilain cow’s raw milk and soft cheese were investigated in Abu-Ghraib, Al-Fudhaliyah and Al-Sadrya regions in Baghdad. A total of one hundred twenty pooled samples were collected during February until June (2019),in which sixty samples of raw milk pooled from milk containers, twenty from each region (four samples collected monthly per region) and sixty samples of fresh soft cheese made from raw unpasteurized milk were collected from different supermarkets in Baghdad as same as proportion above. Modified procedures for isolation and identification were dependent in which, modified tryptone soya yeast extract sheep blood agar supplemented with ampicillin used. Gram stain and oxidase reaction aid in segregation. Modified Congo red assay used to detect biofilm and Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for determination sensitivity of isolates toampicillin (AM 10µg),cephalexin (CLX, 30µg), azithromycin (AZM, 15µ) andvancomycin (VA 30µg). The results confirmed recovery of eleventh isolates (9.16 %) from one hundred twenty pooled samples, in which four isolates (3.33 %) from raw milk samples; Two (1.66 %) from Abu-Ghraib and one(0.83 %) from each other regions. Seven isolates (5.83 %) were detected from fresh soft cheese samples in which, three (2.5 %) from Abu-Ghraib and two (1.66 %) from each other regions. All isolates were Gram-negative rod- shaped, oxidase positive and biofilm producers. Four isolates (36.36 %) were resistant to selected antibiotics in which, two (18.18 %) from Abu-Ghraib: One (9.09 %) from raw milk and soft cheese; and one (9.09 %) in each other regions in fresh soft cheese only. In conclusions. Milk and cheese production in Abu-Ghraib, Al-Fudhaliyah and Al-Sadrya regions in Baghdad are encountered by the problems of bacterial contamination and presence of multidrug resist strain of A. hydrophila which considered a risk to public health, may be due both insufficient and misuse treatment with antibiotics or in somewhat due to bad quality and/or poor hygiene of processing involved in milk production. Thus recommended monitoring these products for better hygienic status
Downloads
Article Details
How to Cite
References
Jahid, I. K. and Ha, S. D. (2014). The Paradox of Mixed‐Species Biofilms in The Context of Food Safety. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 13: 990-1011.
Daskalov, H. (2006). The importance of Aeromona shydrophila in Food safety. Food Control, 17: 474-483.
Tahoun, A.; Ahmed, H.; Abou Elez, R.; El-Gedawy, A.; Elsohaby, I. and Abd El-Ghafar, A. (2016). Molecular Characterization, Genotyping and Survival of Aeromonas hydrophila Isolated from Milk, Dairy products and Humans in Egypt. International Dairy Journal, 63: 52-58.
Korashy, N. T. (2006). A Study on Mesophilic Aeromonas in Milk and Some Milk Products in Port Said City. J Applied Sciences Research., 2 (11): 1037-1041.
Isonhood, J. H. and Drake, M. (2002). Aeromonas Species in Foods. J Food Protection., 65 (3): 575-582.
Ghenghesh, K. S.; Ahmed, S. F.; Abdel El-Khalek, R.; Al-Gendy, A. and Klena, J. (2008). Aeromonas-Associated Infections in Developing Countries. J Infect Developing Countries., 2 (2): 81-98.
gbinosa, I. H.; Igumbor, E. U.; Aghdasi, F.; Tom, M. and Okoh, A. I. (2012). Emerging Aeromonas Species Infections and Their Significance in Public Health. The Scientific World Journal, 2012: 1-13.
Ahmed, N. I.; Salah Abd El Aal, F. A.; Ayoub, M. A. and El Sayed, M S. (2014). Enumeration and Characterization of Aeromonas spp. Isolated from Milk and Some Dairy Products in Sharkia Governorate Egypt. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 40: 52-64.
Abujnah, Y. S.; El Magdoli, L. S.; Gnan, S. O.; Eljabali, M. K. and Lahmer, R. A. (2016). Bacteriological Quality and Incidence of Some Pathogenic Bacteria in Fresh White Cheese Sold in Tripoli, Libya. J Microb Biochem Technol., 8 (4): 307-311.
Hausner, M. and Wuertz, S. (1999). High Rates of Conjugation in Bacterial Biofilms as Determined by Quantitative In situ Analysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65 (8): 3710-3.
Hendrickx, L.; Hausner, M. and Wuertz, S. (2003). Natural Genetic Transformation in Monoculture Acinetobacter sp. Strain BD413 Biofilms. Appl. Environm. Microbiol., 69 (3): 1721-1727.
Madsen J. S., Burmølle, M., Hansen , L. H., Sørensen, S. J. (2012). The Interconnection Between Biofilm Formation and Horizontal
Gene Transfer. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 65: 183-195.
Costerton, J. W.; Cheng, K. J.; Geesey, G. G.; Ladd, T. I.; Nickel, J. C.; Dasgupta, M. and Marrie, T. J. (1987). Bacterial biofilms in Nature and Disease. Annu Rev Microbiol., 41: 435-64.
Brandon, W. P.; Yan, H.; Yiji,R.; Aidan, Z.; Matthew, R.; Prashant, K.; Sharma, A.; Danielli, N.; Paul, S.; Henny, C.; van der, M. and Henk, J. (2015). Viscoelasticity of Biofilms and Their recalcitrance to Mechanical and Chemical Challenges. FEMS Microbiol Rev., 39 (2): 234-245.
Van Acker, H.; Van Dijck, P. and Coenye, T. (2014). Molecular Mechanisms of Anti-microbial Tolerance and Resistance in Bacterial and Fungal Biofilms. Trends Microbiol., 22 (6): 326-33.
Reboul, E. T.; Estelle, J. and Brigitte, L. (2017). The Social Life of Aeromonas through Biofilm and Quorum Sensing Systems. Front Microbiol., 8: 37.
Sakimura, T.; Shiro, K.; Shinji, A.; Ko, C.; Akihiko, Y.; Masato, T.; Hironobu ,K.; Takashi, M.; Toshiyuki, T. and Makoto, O. (2015). Biofilm-Forming Staphylococcus epidermidis Expressing Vancomycin Resist-ance Early after Adhesion to a Metal Surface. Biomed Res Int., 2015: 943056.
Sutherland, I. (2001). Biofilm exopoly-saccharides: A strong and Sticky Framework. Microbiology, 147 (Pt 1): 3-9.
Flemming, H. C. and Wingender, J. (2010). The Biofilm matrix. Nat Rev Microbiol., 8(9):623-33.
Kaskhedikar, M. and Chhabra, D. (2010). Multiple Drug Resistance in Aeromonas hydrophila Isolates of Fish. Vet World., 3:76-77.
Jay, J. M.; Loessner, M. J. and Golden, D.A. (2005). Modern Food Microbiology, 7th ed., Aspen Pub., Gathersburg, M. D., USA.
MacFaddin, J. F. (2000). Individual Bio-chemical Tests. Biochemical Tests for Identification of Medical Bacteria, 3: 453.
Quinn, P. J.; Carter, M. E.; Markey, B. and Carter, G. R. (2004). Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. 2nd ed., Mosby Int., USA.
Freeman, D. J., Falkier, F. R. and Keane, C.T. (1989). New Method for Detecting Slime Production by Coagulase Negative Staphy-lococci. J. Clinical Pathology., 42: 872-874.
Bauer, A. W.; Kirby, W. M. M.; Sherris, J. C. and Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic Suscep-tibility Testing by A Standardized Single Disk Method. Amer. I. Clin. Pathol., 45: 493-6.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). (2009). Methods for dilution anti-microbial susceptibility testing for bacteria that grew aerobically. Approved Standard M7 - A10. Wayne, PA.
Lalitha, M. K. (2004). Manual on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Reprod-uced with permission, from NCCLS publication M100-S12 Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Testing: 12th Informational Supplement (ISBN 1-56238- 454 -6). Pp: 1-47
SPSS. (2019). Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Version 25, User's guide SPSS Inc., Chicago III, USA. Website http://www.spss.com/.
Pal, M.; Mulu, S.; Tekle, M.; Pinto, S. V. and Prajapati, J .P. (2016). Bacterial Contamination
of Dairy Products Beverage and Food World, 43 (9): 40.
Pal, M. (2014). Spoilage of Dairy Products Due to Fungi. Beverage and Food. World, 41: 37- 38.
Vrdoljak, J.; Dobraniæ, V.; Filipoviæ, I. and Zdolec, N. (2016). Microbiological Quality of Soft, Semi-hard and Hard Cheeses Duringthe Shelf Life. Journal of Macedonian Veterinary Review, 39: 59-64.
Al-Shammary, A. H. A. (2015). Correlation of Biofilms-Pyocyanin Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the antibiotics resistant profiles A. International Journal for Sciences and Technology, 10 (1): 83-89.
Kanaan, M. H. G. and Al-Shammary, A. H. A. (2013). Detection of Methicillin or Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Locally Produced Raw Milk and Soft Cheese in Baghdad Markets. The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 37 (2): 226-231