Zearalenone Mycotoxicosis: Pathophysiology and Immunotoxicity

Main Article Content

Ajwad A. M. Assumaidaee
Nathera M. Ali
Shahad W. Ahmed

Abstract

Mycotoxicosis refers to the deleterious pathological effects of different types of toxins produced by some worldwide distributing fungi. Mycotoxins, as secondary metabolites are affecting different organs and systems both in animals and human beings. Zearalenone (ZEA), the well-known estrogenic mycotoxins, is an immunotoxic agent. This macrocyclic beta-resorcyclic acid lactone is mycotoxin procreated as a secondary metabolic byproduct by several types of Fusarium, encompassing Fusarium roseum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, and different other types. Attributing to its potent estrogenic activity, ZEA has been incriminated as one of the major causes of female reproductive disorders. Thus, the purpose of the present review article is to appraise the pathophysiological consequences and subsequent explore the progress in the research field of zearalenone immunotoxicities.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

How to Cite
Zearalenone Mycotoxicosis: Pathophysiology and Immunotoxicity. (2020). The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 44(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v44i1.932
Section
Articles

How to Cite

Zearalenone Mycotoxicosis: Pathophysiology and Immunotoxicity. (2020). The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 44(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v44i1.932

References

Bennett JW. Mycotoxins, mycotoxicoses, mycotoxicology and Mycopathologia. Mycopathologia.

; 100(1):3-5.

Omotayo OP, Omotayo AO, Mwanza M, Babalola OO. Prevalence of Mycotoxins and

Their Consequences on Human Health. Toxicol Res. 2019;35(1):1-7.

Udovicki B, Audenaert K, De Saeger S, Rajkovic A. Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in

Serbia in the Period 2004-2016. Toxins (Basel). 2018;10(7):279.

Coppock RW, Jacobsen BJ. Mycotoxins in animal and human patients. Toxicol Ind Health. 2009 ;25(9-10):637-55.

Osweiler, G.D. Zeralenone Mycotoxins in grains and feeds. In: et al. (eds.) Diseases of Swine. Iowa, USA: Academic Press. John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2012. p. 938-952.

Devreese J. Highly conducting one-dimensional solids. (ed.).: Springer Science & Business Media.2012.

Pierron A, Alassane-Kpembi I, Oswald IP. Impact of mycotoxin on immune response and consequences for

pig health. Anim Nutr. 2016 ;(2):63-68.

Pestka JJ. Deoxynivalenol: mechanisms of action, human exposure, and toxicological relevance.

Arch Toxicol. 2010 ;84(9):663-79.

Frobose HL, Fruge ED, Tokach MD, Hansen EL, DeRouchey JM, Dritz SS, Goodband RD, Nelssen JL.

The effects of deoxynivalenol-contaminated corn dried distillers grains with solubles in nursery pig diets and potential for mitigation by commercially available feed additives. J Anim Sci. 2015;93(3):1074-88.

Stockmann-Juvala H, Savolainen K. A review of the toxic effects and mechanisms of action of fumonisin B1. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2008 27(11):799-809.

Haschek WM, Gumprecht LA, Smith G, Tumbleson ME, Constable PD. Fumonisin toxicosis in swine: an overview of porcine pulmonary edema and current perspectives. Environ Health Perspect. 2001;109 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):251-7.

Voss KA, Smith GW, Haschek WM. Fumonisins: Toxicokinetics, mechanism of action and toxicity Animal Feed Science and technology. 2007 ;137(3-4):299-325.

Daniela E. Marin, Ionelia Taranu. Ochratoxin A and its effects on immunity. Toxin Reviews.2015; 34:1, 11-20.

Sorrenti V, Di Giacomo C, Acquaviva R, Barbagallo I, Bognanno M, Galvano F. Toxicity of ochratoxin a and its modulation by antioxidants: a review. Toxins (Basel). 2013 ;5(10):1742-66.

Battacone G, Nudda A, Pulina G. Effects of ochratoxin a on livestock production. Toxins (Basel).

;2(7):1796-824.

Battacone G, Nudda A, Pulina G. Effects of ochratoxin a on livestock production. Toxins (Basel). 2010;2(7):1796-824.

Omotayo OP, Omotayo AO, Mwanza M, Babalola OO. Prevalence of mycotoxins and their consequences

on human health. Toxicol Res. 2019;35(1):1-7.

Zain M.E. Impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Journal of Saudi chemical society.

;15(2): 129-144.

Zinedine A, Soriano JM, Molto J, Cand Manes J.Review on the toxicity, occurrence, metabolism,

detoxification, regulations and intake of zearalenone: an oestrogenic mycotoxin.

Food and chemical toxicology. 2007;45(1): 1-18.

Minervini F, Dell'Aquila ME. Zearalenone and reproductive function in farm animals.

Int J Mol Sci. 2008 Dec;9(12):2570-84.

D'Mello JPF, Placinta CM, Macdonald AMC. Fusarium mycotoxins: a review of global implications

for animal health, welfare and productivity. Anim Feed Sci Technol.1999;80(3/4):183-205.

Osselaere A. Influence of deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin on the intestinal barrier and liver function

in broiler chickens. [Thesis]. (Merelbeke, Belgium): Ghent University. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 2013.

Agag, B.I. Mycotoxins in foods and feeds 3-zearalenone. Ass Univ Bull Environ Res. 2004;7(2): 169-176.

Devreese M, Antonissen G, Broekaert N, De Baere S, Vanhaecke L, De Backer P, et al. Comparative toxicokinetics, absolute oral bioavailability, and biotransformation of zearalenone in different poultry species.

J Agric Food Chem. 2015;63(20):5092–8.

EFSA Publication. Scientific opinion on risks for animal health related to the presence of zearalenone and its modified forms in feed. Parma, Italy: Europen Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal., 2017;15(7): 2017.4851

D'Mello JPF, Placinta CM, Macdonald AMC. Fusarium mycotoxins: a review of global implications for animal health, welfare and productivity. Anim Feed Sci Technol.1999 ;80(3/4):183-205.

Minervini F, Dell'Aquila ME. Zearalenone and reproductive function in farm animals. Int

J Mol Sci. 2008 ;9(12):2570-84.

Gelderblom WCA, Rheeder JP, Leggott N, Stockenstro S, Humphreys J, Shephard G et al. Fumonisin contamination of a corn sample associated with the induction of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats-role of dietary deficiencies. Food and chemical toxicology,2004;42(3): 471-479.

Schollenberger M, Jara HT, Suchy S, Drochner W, Müller HM. Fusarium toxins in wheat flour collected in an area in southwest Germany. Int J Food Microbiol. 2002;72(1-2):85-9.

EFSA. Panel on contaminants in the food chain. scientific opinion on the risks for public health related to

the presence of zearalenone in food. EFSA Journal. 2011; 9(6): 2197.

European Food Safety Authority. Evaluation of the increase of risk for public health related to a possible temporary derogation from the maximum level of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins for maize

and maize products. EFSA Journal 12.5 (2014): 3699.

Krska R, Crews C. Significance, chemistry and determination of ergot alkaloids: a review.

Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2008 ;25(6):722-31.

Udagawa S, Tatsuno T. Safety of rice grains and mycotoxins - a historical review of yellow rice

mycotoxicoses. Yakushigaku Zasshi. 2004;39(2):321-42.

Shiratori N, Kobayashi N, Tulayakul P, Sugiura Y, Takino M, Endo O, et al. Occurrence of Penicillium brocae and Penicillium citreonigrum, which Produce a Mutagenic Metabolite and a Mycotoxin Citreoviridin, Respectively, in Selected Commercially Available Rice Grains in Thailand. Toxins (Basel). 2017 ;9(6):194.

Ahmed Adam MA, Tabana YM, Musa KB, Sandai DA. Effects of different mycotoxins on humans, cell genome and their involvement in cancer (Review). Oncol Rep. 2017 ;37(3):1321-1336.

Bennett JW, Klich M. Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003 ;16(3):497-516.

Ojuri OT, Ezekiel CN, Eskola MK, Šarkanj B, Babalola AD, Sulyok M, et al. Mycotoxin co-exposures in

infants and young children consuming household and industrially processed complementary foods in

Nigeria and risk management advice. Food Control. 2019; 98:312-322.

European Food Safety Authority. Evaluation of the increase of risk for public health related to a possible temporary derogation from the maximum level of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins for maize and maize products. EFSA Journal 12.5.(2014): 3699.

Kim DH, Lee IH, Do WH, Nam WS, Li H, Jang HS, et al. Incidence and levels of deoxynivalenol, fumonisins

and zearalenone contaminants in animal feeds used in Korea in 2012. Toxins (Basel). 2013 ;6(1):20-32.

El-Desouky T, Naguib K. Occurrence of zearalenone contamination in some cereals in Egypt.

Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies. 2013;19. 445-450.

Schothorst RC, van Egmond HP. Report from SCOOP task 3.2.10 "collection of occurrence data of Fusarium toxins in food and assessment of dietary intake by the population of EU member states". Subtask: trichothecenes. Toxicol Lett. 2004 ;153(1):133-43.

Olsen, M. Metabolism of zearalenone in farm animals. In: Chelkowsi, J (1st ed.) Fusarium mycotoxins, taxonomy and pathogenicity. Amsterdam-Oxford-New York: Elsevier; 1989. p. 167–177.

Zhang GL, Feng YL, Song JL, Zhou XS. Zearalenone: A Mycotoxin with different toxic effect in domestic and laboratory animals' granulosa cells. Front Genet. 2018 ;9:667.

Kuiper-Goodman T, Scott PM, Watanabe H. Risk assessment of the mycotoxin zearalenone. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1987 ;7(3):253-306.

Haschek, W.M. Haschek and Rousseaux's handbook of toxicologic pathology.

(1st ed.). :Academic Press; 2013.

Metzler M, Pfeiffer E, Hildebrand A.Zearalenone and its metabolites as endocrine disrupting chemicals.

World Mycotoxin J.2010; 3(4): 385-401.

Alexandros Y, Jean-Pierre J. Mycotoxins in feeds and their fate in animals: A review. Anim res .2002;(51) 81-99.

Mostrom, M. Trichothecenes and zearalenone. In: Mostrom, M (ed.) Reproductive and developmental toxicology: Academic Press; 2011. p. 739-751.

Gupta, RC. Veterinary toxicology: basic and clinical principles (1st ed.).: Academic press; 2012.

Gupta, RC. Mostrom, MS, Evans, TJ, Zearalenone in (ed.).: Veterinary Toxicology:

Academic Press;2018. p.1055-1063.

Cortinovis C, Caloni F, Schreiber NB, Spicer LJ. Effects of fumonisin B1 alone and combined with deoxynivalenol or zearalenone on porcine granulosa cell proliferation and steroid production.

Theriogenology. 2014 ;81(8):1042-9.

Zheng W, Pan S, Wang G, Wang YJ, Liu Q, Gu J, et al. Corrigendum to "Zearalenone impairs the male reproductive system functions via inducing structural and functional alterations of sertoli cells" (Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 42 (2016) 146-155). Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2016;44:158.

Yu JY, Zheng ZH, Son YO, Shi X, Jang YO, Lee JC. Mycotoxin zearalenone induces AIF- and ROS-mediated cell death through p53- and MAPK-dependent signaling pathways in RAW264.7 macrophages.

Toxicol In Vitro. 2011 ;25(8):1654-63.

Zheng WL, Wang BJ, Wang L, Shan YP, Zou H, Song RL, Wang T, Gu JH, Yuan Y, Liu XZ, Zhu GQ, Bai JF,

Liu ZP, Bian JC. ROS-Mediated Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis Induced by Zearalenone in Mouse Sertoli

Cells via ER Stress and the ATP/AMPK Pathway. Toxins (Basel). 2018 ;10(1):24.

Zheng W, Wang B, Li X, Wang T, Zou H, Gu J, et al. Zearalenone Promotes Cell Proliferation or Causes Cell Death? Toxins (Basel). 2018;10(5):184.

Chelkowski J. Fusarium: Mycotoxins, Taxonomy, Pathogenicity. (2 ed).: Elsevier; 2014.

Ma L, Bai L, Zhao M, Zhou J, Chen Y, Mu Z. An electrochemical aptasensor for highly sensitive detection of zearalenone based on PEI-MoS2-MWCNTs nanocomposite for signal enhancement. Anal Chim Acta. 2019;1060:71-78.

Hussein HS, Brasel JM. Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology. 2001 ;167(2):101-34.

Marin S, Ramos AJ, Cano-Sancho G, Sanchis V. Mycotoxins: occurrence, toxicology, and exposure

assessment. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013;60:218-37.

Minervini F, Dell'Aquila ME. Zearalenone and reproductive function in farm animals.

Int J Mol Sci. 2008 ;9(12):2570-84.

Zinedine A, Soriano J M, Molto J C,Man J. Review on the toxicity, occurrence, metabolism, detoxification, regulations and intake ofzearalenone: An estrogenic mycotoxin. Food Chem Toxicol. 2007;(25): 1-18.

Hueza IM, Raspantini PC, Raspantini LE, Latorre AO, Górniak SL. Zearalenone, an estrogenic mycotoxin,

is an immunotoxic compound. Toxins (Basel). 2014 ;6(3):1080-95.

Nicholson LB. The immune system. Essays Biochem. 2016 ;60(3):275-301.

Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, et al. Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget. 2017 ;9(6):7204-7218.

Alvares CTG, Cruz JF, Brandão FZ, Romano CC,Maciel BM. The role of cytokines in immune regulation of female reproductive physiology. Revista. Brasileira. deCiência.Veterinária. 2017;24(3).

Gajęcki M, Gajęcka M, Zielonka Ł, Jakimiuk E, Obremski K. Zeralenone as a potential allergen in

the alimentary tract-A review. Pol J Food Nutr Sci. 2006;56(3):263-268.

Salah‐Abbès JB, Abbès S, Houas Z, Abdel‐Wahhab MA, Oueslati R. Zearalenone induces

immunotoxicity in mice: possible protective effects of radish extract (Raphanussativus).

J Pharm Pharmacol.2008; 60(6): 761-770.

Zain, ME. Impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals.

Journal of Saudi chemical society. 2011;15(2): 129-144.

Alshannaq A, Yu JH. Occurrence, Toxicity, and Analysis of Major Mycotoxins in Food.

Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 ;14(6):632.

Pistol GC, Braicu C, Motiu M, Gras MA, Marin DE, Stancu M, et.al. Zearalenone mycotoxin affects immune mediators, MAPK signalling molecules, nuclear receptors and genome-wide gene expression in pig spleen.

PLoS One. 2015 ;10(5):e0127503.

Ashiq S. Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in food and feed: Pakistan perspective. Comprehensive

reviews in food science and food safety. 2014;14(2): 159–175.

Lang TJ. Estrogen as an immunomodulator. Clin Immunol. 2004;113(3):224-30.

Sammaritano LR. Pregnancy in rheumatic disease patients. J Clin Rheumatol. 2013 ;19(5):259-66.

Choi BK, Cho JH, Jeong SH, et al. Zearalenone affects immune-related parameters in lymphoid organs and serum of rats vaccinated with porcine parvovirus vaccine. Toxicological Research. 2012 ;28(4):279-288.

Marin DE, Taranu I, Burlacu R, Manda G, Motiu M, Neagoe I, et al. Effects of zearalenone and its derivatives on porcine immune response. Toxicol In Vitro. 2011 ;25(8):1981-8.

Kuiper GG, Lemmen JG, Carlsson B, Corton JC, Safe SH, van der Saag PT, van der Burg B, Gustafsson JA. Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor beta.

Endocrinology. 1998 ;139(10):4252-63.

Medina KL, Strasser A, Kincade PW. Estrogen influences the differentiation, proliferation, and survival

of early B-lineage precursors. Blood. 2000 ;95(6):2059-67.

Salah‐Abbès JB, Abbès S, Houas Z, Abdel‐Wahhab MA, Oueslati R. Zearalenone induces immunotoxicity in mice: possible protective effects of radish extract (Raphanussativus). J Pharm Pharmacol.2008; 60(6): 761-770.

Cutolo M, Sulli A, Straub RH. Estrogen metabolism and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev. 2012 ;11(6-7):A460-4.

Eriksen G.S, Alexander J. Nordic Council of Ministers (Ed.), Fusarium Toxins in Cereals - A Risk Assessment, vol. 502. Tema. Nord, Copenhagen.1998; 7. 58p.

Alnaemi HS. Estimation of Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Some Dairy Products Manufactured from Raw Milk Experimentally Inoculated with Toxin. Iraqi JVM. 2019;43(1): 50–58.