Effect of Ziziphus Spina-Christi Leaves on the Level of Testosterone Hormone and Semen Parameters of Iraqi Bucks Semen
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the effects of different concentrations of Ziziphus spina-Christi (ZSC) leaves on the fertility of buck goats. Twelve buck goats aged 12–15 months with an average body weight of 22±2 kg were divided randomly into three dietary treatments: T1, T2, and T3, each given a basal diet daily plus feeds of 20 g/kg (2%) of ZSC for T1 and 40 g/kg (4%) of ZSC for T2; and T3 was used as the control that consumed a basal diet only. The experiment lasted for 3 months. On days 45 and 90, blood samples were collected for plasma testosterone measurement using an immunochromatographic assay. Additionally, semen samples were collected at the same time points for physical (volume, color, and pH) and microscopic (semen concentration, mass and individual motility percentage, and live-dead sperm percentages) evaluations. The results showed that ZSC at 4% significantly (P<0.05) increased the testosterone hormone concentration and all physical parameters at 45 and 90 days comparing to 2% ZSC and control groups. Additionally, ZSC at 4% significantly improved (P<0.05) the microscopic parameters at both time periods compared to 2% ZSC and control groups. The present findings revealed that ZSC at 4% diet could enhance goat semen processing and goat fertility enhanced significantly (P<0.05) the testosterone hormone that had higher values compared to (2%) of the ZSC control group. Similarly, (4%) of ZSC affected the physical assessment of semen, such as the volume, color, and pH values. Thus, adding ZSC with a high concentration (4%) could enhance goat semen processing and goat fertility in general.
Received : 13 December 2023
Revised : 27 December 2023
Accepted : 21 February 2024
Published : 28 June 2024
Downloads
Article Details
How to Cite
References
1. Abdoul-Azize S. Potential benefits of jujube (Zizyphus Lotus L.) bioactive compounds for nutrition and health. J Nutr Metab. 2016;2016:2867470. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2867470
2. Soni H, Malik JK. Phyto-pharmacological potential of Zizyphus jujube: A review. Sch Int J Biochem. 2021;4(1):1-5. https://doi.org/10.36348/sijb.2021.v04i01.001
3. El-Beltagy AEF, Abdelaziz BM, Abdelaziz KK, Elsawy MR, Ghanem RA. Adverse effects of cadmium on the thyroid, kidneys, and testes in Wistar albino rats and the possible modulatory role of Zizyphus spina-christi (Sidr) fruit extract (Histological and biochemical studies). J Biosci Appl Res. 2019;5(4):551-575. https://doi.org/10.21608/jbaar.2019.248623
4. Mudhaffar NR Al-Saigh, Dakheel MM. The effect of using Ginger (Zingiber officinale) or parsley seeds (Petroselinum sativum) on some of the physiological traits of black. Iraqi J Vet Med. 2012; 36(0A), 142-150. https://doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v36i0A.367
5. Bent S. Herbal medicine in the United States: a review of efficacy, safety, and regulation: grand rounds at the University of California, San Francisco Medical Center. J Gen Intern Med. 2008; 23:854-859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-008-0632-y
6. Yamashiro H, Kumamoto K, Wang H, Yamashita Y, Terada T. Effect of semen collection in extender solution on the characteristics of goat spermatozoa. J Reprod Dev. 2006;52(3):397-406.https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.17104
7. Zhao L, Yuan X, Wang J, Feng Y, Ji F, Li Z, et al. A review on flavones targeting serine/threonine protein kinases for potential anticancer drugs. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2019;27(5):677-685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2019.01.027
8. Azawi OI, Ismaeel MA. Effects of seasons on some semen parameters and bacterial contamination of Awassi ram semen. Reprod Domest Anim. 2012;47(3):403-406. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01888.x
9. Alkass JE, Hermiz HN, Baper MI, Akreyi IA, Rashid FM. Productivity traits of local mountain goats and some factors affecting them. Iraqi J Agric Sci. 2021;52(4):913-917. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v52i4.1399
10. Martin LJ, Touaibia M. Improvement of testicular steroidogenesis using flavonoids and isoflavonoids for prevention of late-onset male hypogonadism. Antioxidants. 2020;9(3):237. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9030237
11. Abdulkareem TA. Seminal proteins of Holstein-Friesian bulls associated with vitamin C supplementation. Iraqi J Agric Sci. 2005;36(4):185-189. doi:10.35124/bca.2020.20.1.519.
12. Korji SH. Inhibition of nitrate reductase production from Gram-negative bacteria using Ziziphus spina-christi extract and comparing with some antibiotics. Iraqi J Agric Sci. 2012;43(2):144-150.
13. Banihani SA. Mechanisms of honey on testosterone levels. Heliyon. 2019;5(7):e02029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02029
14. Elaloui M, Essghaier B, Ghazghazi H, Chaouachi RD, Bahri S, Hamdi S, et al. LC-MS analysis and biological activities of Ziziphus spina-christi L. (Christ’s Thorn, Jujube) leaves from Tunisia oasis. J Expl Res Pharm. 2022;7(4):215-222.
15. Scheiblauer H, Filomena A, Nitsche A, Puyskens A, Corman VM, Drosten C, et al. Comparative sensitivity evaluation for 122 CE-marked rapid diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 antigen, Germany, September 2020 to April 2021. Eurosurveillance. 2021;26(44):2100441. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.44.2100441
16. Jha PK, Alam M, Al-Mansur MA, Islam M, Bari F. Selection of breeding rams by evaluating semen quality. J Appl Anim Sci. 2018;11(1):9-20.
17. Ramukhithi FV, Chokoe TC, Ronald T, Lehloenya KC. Characterization of Semen and Phenotypic Parameters about Male Goat Fertility. In: Goat Science-Environment, Health, and Economy. IntechOpen; 2021.
18. Gibbons AE, Fernandez J, Bruno-Galarraga MM, Spinelli MV, Cueto MI. Technical recommendations for artificial insemination in sheep. Anim Reprod. 2019;16:803-809. https://doi.org/10.21451/1984-3143-AR2018-0129
19. Verma A, Ranga V. Statistical analysis of CIDDS-001 dataset for network intrusion detection systems using distance-based machine learning. Procedia Comput Sci. 2018;125:709-716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.12.091
20. Jaafer Zalzala S. Study the effect of adding Cuminum cyminum seeds in the diet on semen characteristics and hormone levels in the serum of local bucks. Iraqi J Vet Med. 2017;41(1):151-154. https://doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v41i1.98
21. Zarepourfard H, Riasi A, Frouzanfar M, Hajian M, Esfahani MHN. Pomegranate seed in the diet affects sperm parameters of cloned goats following freezing-thawing. Theriogenology. 2019; 125:203-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.10.030
22. Ibraheem RM, Mhawesh AA, Abood KW. Estimation of the whole flavonoid, antioxidant, anti-bacterial challenge concerning Viola odorata (Banafsha) methanolic extract. Iraqi J Agric Sci. 2018;49(4). https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v49i4.75
23. AL-Saigh MN, Hadi LE. The Synergistic Effect of Zingiber officinale Roots and Vitamin E on some Reproductivity and Physiological Traits in Rations of Kids Iraqi Black Goat. Iraqi J Vet Med. 2010;34(1):42-52. https://doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v34i1.658
24. Al-Shammary SM, Al-Timimi IH, Al-Ani AA. Comparative study of Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin and Licorice Extract (Glycyrrhiza Glabra) on some Reproductive Traits in Awassi Ram Lambs. Iraqi J Vet Med. 2013;37(2):269-274. https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v37i2.1393
25. Toleng AL, Yusuf M. Supplementation of Arabian jujube (Ziziphus spina Christi) leaf extracts as extender material on the quality of Bali bull semen. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2020;492(1):012079. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/492/1/012079
26. Hussein AS. Ziziphus spina-christi: Analysis of bioactivities and chemical composition. In: Wild Fruits: Composition, Nutritional Value, and Products. 1st ed. 2019:175-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31885-7_15
27. Evans G, Maxwell WC. Salamons' artificial insemination of sheep and goats. 2nd ed. Butterworths; 1987.
28. Yamashiro H, Kumamoto K, Wang H, Yamashita Y, Terada T. Effect of semen collection in extender solution on the characteristics of goat spermatozoa. J Reprod Dev. 2006;52(3):397-406. https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.17104
29. Javadi L, Farzadi L, Fathiazad F, Nouri M. Anti-oxidative effects of citrus flavonoids on spermatogenesis in the rat. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011;5(6):721-725.https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP11.277
30. Tejaswi V, Narayanaswamy M, Sagar NG. Studies on certain fresh semen characteristics in rams of the Indian twining breed the Nari Suvarna during winter months (short photoperiod). Int J Sci Environ Technol. 2016;5(3):1697-1706.
31. Behairy A, El-Sharkawy NI, Saber TM, Soliman MM, Metwally MM, Abd El-Rahman GI, El Deib MM, et al. The modulatory role of vitamin C in boldenone undecylenate induced testicular oxidative damage and androgen receptor dysregulation in adult male rats. Antioxidants. 2020;9(11):1053. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9111053
32. Sultan KH. Effect of using different management systems for feeding on testis dimensions and sexual behavior in Awassi rams. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2014;28(1). https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2014.89335
33. Sultan KH, Ahmad WK, Mohamed AR. Effect of buck's body weight on some reproductive parameters and its relation with sexual behavior. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2023;37(3):733-737. https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2023.138335.2789
34. Yousif SA, Al-Mosawi S. Adsorptive separation of dissolved cadmium from aqueous solution using (Ziziphus Spina-Christi) leaves as an adsorbent. S. Afr. J. Chem. Eng. 2022;42(1):12-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2022.07.002