The Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Caffeine Co-administration with Nefopam in Mice
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic properties of nefopam and the adjuvant effects of caffeine. It also investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of co-administering nefopam and caffeine on Prostaglandin E2 level (PGE2). The study involved 56 female albino mice (Mus musculus), divided into seven groups, eight mice per each group. Group A which served as the control group received distilled water; Group B received 30 mg/kg BW of nefopam orally; Group C received 28.5 mg/BW of nefopam and 5 mg/BW of caffeine orally; Group D received 27 mg/BW of nefopam and 10 mg/BW of caffeine orally; Group E received 25.5 mg/BW of nefopam and 15 mg/BW of caffeine orally; Group F received 24 mg/BW of nefopam and 20 mg/BW of caffeine orally; Group G received 22.5 mg/BW of nefopam and 25 mg/BW of caffeine orally. The nociceptive response was assessed using the formalin test, showing a significant (P<0.05) reduction in pain response (accumulative time of flinching and licking) was the first phase (0-5 minutes) in Group E as well as, a significant (P<0.05) decrease in nociceptive response in flinching and licking in second phase (20-60 minutes) was observed in Group D. However, the Prostaglandin level was significantly (P<0.05) lower in Group C. The study concluded that adding low dosages of caffeine to analgesics can boost pain relief in smaller quantities. Caffeine co-administration with nefopam may exert
Downloads
Article Details
How to Cite
References
Khan A, Khan S, Kim YS. Insight into pain modulation: nociceptors sensitization and therapeutic targets. Curr Drug Targets. 2019;20(7):775-788. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389450120666190131114244
Kremer M, Becker LJ, Barrot M, Yalcin I. How to study anxiety and depression in rodent models of chronic pain? Eur. J. Neurosci. 2021;53(1):236-270. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14686
Antonelli M, Kushner I. It's time to redefine inflammation. The FASEB J. 2017;31(5):1787-1791. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201601326R
Krysko O, Bourne JH, Kondakova E, Galova EA, Whitworth K, Newby ML, et al. Severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with high numbers of alveolar mast cells and their degranulation. Front. Immunol. 2022;13:968981. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.968981
Singh AK, Zajdel J, Mirrasekhian E, Almoosawi N, Frisch I, Klawonn AM, et al. Prostaglandin-mediated inhibition of serotonin signaling controls the affective component of inflammatory pain. J. Clin. Investig. 2017;127(4):1370-1374. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI90678
Al-Fadhily ZM, Mohammed DR, Hammed HA, Al-Huwaizi AF. The effect of COVID-19 on emergencies and pain among orthodontic patients attending a teaching hospital. J Med Life. 2022;15(10):1267. https://doi.org/10.25122/jml-2022-0208
Majeed HM, Hassan AF, Jasim AH, Al-Ganmi AH. Evaluation of Nurses’ Practices and Perceived Barriers Related to Pain Assessment in Critically Ill Patients at Baghdad Teaching Hospitals. Azerbaijan Pharm Pharmacother J. 2023;48(57):3. 10.61336/appj/22-1-14
Yassir YA. Was Treatment with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances as Expected. EC Dent Sci. 2020;19:01-11.
Ohashi N, Kohno T. Analgesic effect of acetaminophen: a review of known and novel mechanisms of action. Front. pharmacol. 2020; 11:1916. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.580289
Párraga JP, Castellanos A. A Manifesto in Defense of Pain Complexity: A Critical Review of Essential Insights in Pain Neuroscience. J Clin Med. 2023;12(22):7080. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12227080
Mohammed SI. Evaluation of analgesics use and misuse by Iraqi patients in Baghdad community. AJPCR 2016;9(1).
Ahmed FT, Ali GY. Evaluation of self-medication among Iraqi pharmacy students. JID Health. 2019;2(2):108-112. https://doi.org/10.47108/jidhealth.Vol2.Iss2.34
Mohammed DA, KareemYW & Jawad AK. (2020). Practices in performing lumbar puncture procedure in the Children Welfare Teaching Hospital/Baghdad. J Fac Med Baghdad, 62(3). https://doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.6231733
Omar RA, Eesa MJ. Comparative study for three protocols of general anesthesia in bucks. Iraqi J. Vet. Med. 2017;41(2):15-23. https://doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v41i2.42
Alkhilani MA & Atta NM. Evaluation the Effect of Low Power Laser Irradiation on Healing of Induced Tendon Injuries in Rabbits. Iraqi J. Vet. Med. 2020;44(E0):113-122. https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v44i(E0).1459
Hameed HA, Hassan AF. The prophylactic anti-inflammatory effect of omega-7 against paracetamol-induced liver injury in rats. Iraqi J. Vet. Med. 2022 ;46(2):43-7. https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v46i2.1412
De Bels D, Bousbiat I, Perriens E, Blackman S, Honoré PM. Sedation for adult ICU patients: A narrative review including a retrospective study of our own data. Saudi J. Anaesth. 2023;17(2):223. https://doi.org/10.4103/sja.sja_905_22
Al-hussainy HA, AL-Biati HA, Ali IS. The Effect of Nefopam Hydrochloride on the Liver, Heart, and Brain of Rats: Acute Toxicity and Mechanisms of Nefopam Toxicity. J. Pharm. Negat. 2022;13(3):393. https://doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2022.13.03.061
Ahmed AH. Possible relationships of selected food items to osteoporosis among a group of Iraqi women. J Fac Med Baghdad. 2021;63(4):171-175. https://doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.6341868
Mota-Rojas D, Villanueva-García D, Hernández-Ávalos I, Casas-Alvarado A, Domínguez-Oliva A, Lezama-García K, Miranda-Cortés A, Martínez-Burnes J. Cardiorespiratory and Neuroprotective Effects of caffeine in neonate animal models. Animals. 2023 ;13(11):1769. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13111769
Villanueva-García D, Mota-Rojas D, Miranda-Cortés A, Mora-Medina P, Hernández-Avalos I, Casas-Alvarado A, Olmos-Hernández A, Martínez-Burnes J. Neurobehavioral and neuroprotector effects of caffeine in animal models. J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol. 2020;8(4):298-307. https://doi.org/10.31893/jabb.20039
Cabañero D, Maldonado R. Synergism between oral paracetamol and nefopam in a murine model of postoperative pain. Eur J Pain. 2021;25(8):1770-1787. 10.1002/ejp.1787
Lee JY, Sim WS, Cho NR, Kim BW, Moon JY, Park HJ. The antiallodynic effect of nefopam on vincristine-induced neuropathy in mice. J. Pain Res. 2020:323-9. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S224478
Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA. Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009281.pub3
Kim MS, Kim BY, Saghetlians A, Zhang X, Okida T, Kim SY. Anti-nociceptive effects of dual neuropeptide antagonist therapy in mouse model of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Korean J Pain. 2022;35(2):173-182. https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.2022.35.2.173
SAS. Statistical Analysis System, User's Guide. Statistical. Version 9.6th ed. SAS. Inst. Inc. Cary. N.C. USA. 2018.
Li Q, Zhuang Q, Gu Y, Dai C, Gao X, Wang X, et al. Enhanced analgesic effects of nefopam in combination with acetaminophen in rodents. Biomed. Rep.2018;8(2):176-183. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2017.1032
Ialongo D, Tudino V, Arpacioglu M, Messore A, Patacchini E, Costi R, Di Santo R, Madia VN. Synergistic Effects of Caffeine in Combination with Conventional Drugs: Perspectives of a Drug That Never Ages. Pharmaceuticals. 2023;16(5):730. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16050730
Fujita T, Feng C, Takano T. Presence of caffeine reversibly interferes with efficacy of acupuncture-induced analgesia. Sci. Rep. 2017;7(1):3397. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03542-x
Al-Mozie MS, Khudhair AA, Zubairi MB. Effect of caffeine therapeutic dose on rat organs: A biochemical and histological study. Int J Sci Technol Res. 2019 ;14(2):15. https://doi.org/10.36478/rjbsci.2019.15.35
Chae JW, Kang DH, Li Y, Kim SH, Lee HG, Choi JI, et al. Antinociceptive effects of nefopam modulating serotonergic, adrenergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the spinal cord.Neurosci. Lett. 2020; 731:135057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135057
Conti F, Lazzara F, Romano GL, Platania CB, Drago F, Bucolo C. Caffeine protects against retinal inflammation. Front. pharmacol. 2022; 12:824885. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.824885
Yamaguchi M, Dohi N, Ooka A, Saito SY, Ishikawa T. Caffeine-induced inversion of prostaglandin E2 effects on hepatic stellate cell activation. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2021;142:111989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111989