Evaluation of locally produced caecal coccidiosis vaccine in male Faobro breeders
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Published:
Jun 28, 2003
Keywords:
coccidiosis, vaccine, caecal, Gemma irradiation
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Abstract
Mature oocysts of Eimeria tenella have been attenuated by Gemma irradiation 200 and 300 gray. Excystation of occysts were examined. The immunoeffeciency of irradiated oocysts were studied in broiler that vaccinated with 5x10° attenuated oocyst per chick. A total of 1500 day-old Faobro chicks were divided into 6 groups and were treated as follows: Group C: un vaccinated control. Group WF: Given the vaccine in the feed.
Group DW: Given the vaccine in drinking water. Group CI: Given the vaccine in the crop. Group SP: Given the as a coarse spray. Group CIT: Given the attenuated vaccine in the crop (300 Gray) at day old and (200 Gray) at 14 days of age.
The groups were challenged at 40 days of age with 5x104 viable oocysts of Eimeria tenella per chick. The clinical sings were recorded, the body weight was taken weekly, lesion score, packed cell volume, litter moisture, oocyst count in the litter and oocyst count in the caecal content were determined one week after vaccination, one day before challenge and one week after challenge. The protection ratio and mortality rate were estimated. Results revealed that attenuated oocysts have lost its pathogenicity, no clear clinical sings after vaccination has been recorded, but some chicks of all vaccinated groups show a slight bloody excretion. Some groups given significant increase in body weight in
comparison with the control before and after challenge. The protection ratio was 93.5% for WF, 88.8% for DW, 98.3% for CI, 93.1% for SP and 82.2% for
The mortality rate was significantly higher in the control than the CIT group. vaccinated groups, the CIT group recorded mortality that was 2.9% the CI and SP recorded 0% and the C group recorded 10%
It was concluded that vaccination with all the methods used in this experiment provided good protection against challenge. The spray method was recommended best, then the drinking water and then with feed method.
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Evaluation of locally produced caecal coccidiosis vaccine in male Faobro breeders. (2003). The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 27(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v27i1.1093
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How to Cite
Evaluation of locally produced caecal coccidiosis vaccine in male Faobro breeders. (2003). The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 27(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v27i1.1093
References
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2.Mc Dougald, L.R. (1992). Coccidiosis vaccines for broilers. Brailer industry. May. 1992.
3. Joyner, L.P. (1981). The chemotherapy of prdtozoal infection of veterinary importance. J. Protozoo. 28: 17-19.
4. Reid, W.M. (1990). History of Avian medicine in the united States. Avian. Dis. 34: 509-525.
5. Williams, R.B. and Catchpole. J. (2000). Anew protocol for achallenge test to assess the efficacy of live anticoccidial vaccine. Vaccine. 18:1178-85.
6. Jeffers, T.K. (1986). Attenuation of coccidia. Review. In: Research in
avian coccidiosis. Ed.by: L.R: McDougald, L.P. Joyner and P.L. Long. University of Georgia. Athens, Georgia, pp. 482-501.
7. Awadalla , S. F. (1993), Effect of low — level infection of Eimreria tenella for a short duration on development of species Immunity in chicken. Veterinary medicine J. Giza. 3 : 9-12.
8.Rose, M.E (19730. Immunity. In: the coccidian Ed. by: Hammaond and P.L Long. University Park Press, Baltimore.Bulter Worths, London pp.295-341.
9. Bhogal, B.S.; Miller, G.A.; Anderson, A.C.; Jessee, E.J.; Strausberg, S; McCandliss, R.; Nagle, J and Strausberg, R.L. (1992). Potential of a recombinant antigen as aprophylactic vaccine for day- old broiler chickens against Eimena acervulina and Eimeria tenella. Vet. Immuno. Immunopath.31: 323-35.
10. Long, P.L., Johnson, J.; Mckenzie, M.E; Perry, E.; Crane, M.S.J. and Murray, P.K. (1986). Immunization of young broiler chickens with low level infections of Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina or Eimeria maxima. Avian Path.15: 271-278.
11. Jeffers, T.K. (1975). Attenuation of Eimeria tenella 'through selection for precociousness. J. of Parasitol.61: 1083-1090.
12. Kulkarni, J.R.; Roa, J.R. ; Omanwar, S. and Singh, R.K. (1999). Isolation, purification and protein profile of merozoite and oocyst. J. of Vet. Parasitol. 13: 119-123.
13. Albaness, A. and Smetama, H.(1937).(Cited by Waxler 1941).
14. Waxler, S.H. (1941). Immunization against Caecal coccidiosis in chickens by the use of X-Ray attenuated oocyst. J. Ame. Vet. Med. Ass. 99: 481 – 485.
15. Hein, H.(1963). (Cited by Marjankova and stejskal ,1972).
16. Hartmanova, B. and Ziegler, K. (1972). Inhibition of the development cycle of Eimeria tenella. In immunized chickens. Acta Veterinaria. 41: 185-9.
17. Ziegler, K. (1973). Immunization of chickens with Xirradiated oocystes of E. tenella (Raillet and Lucet, 1985). Acta Veterineria. 42: 141-152.
18. Sokolic, A.; Movesesijan, M.; Tanielian, Z and Abu All, N. (1976). Irradiated Eimeria brunetti, Eimeria necatrix and Eimera tenella. In the Simultaneous immunization of chickens. Brit. Vet. J. 132: 416 - 422.
19. Abu Ali, N.; Binnerts, W. T. and Klimes, B. (1972). Immunization by irradiated Eimeria acervulina. J. of protozool. 19: 177-180.
20. Eva Lidl jus ülsi Liyod olieb zülal.(1999) blow jersebac XI
مختلفة من اشعة كاما. رسالة ماجستير، كلية الطب البيطري. جامعة بغداد.
21. Long, P.L. and Millard, B.J. (1977). Eimeria: immunization of young chickens kept in litter pens. Avian path. 6:77-92.
22. Jenkins, M.C.; Augustine, P.C.; Danforth, H.D. and Barta, J .. R. (199
la). X-irradiation of Eimeria tenella oocyst provides direct evidence that sporozoite invasion and early schizont development induce aprotective immune response(s) infectious. Immunity. 59: 4042-4048.
23. Jenkins, M.C.; Seferian, P.G.; Augustine, P.C. and Danfarth, H.D. (1993). Protective immunity against coccidiosis elicted by radiation attenuated Eimeria maxima sporozoites that are incapable of asexual development. Avian Dis. 37: 74-82.
24.المحمد , نعيم ثاني , الراوي , خاشع محمود , يونس ومؤيد احمد و المراني , وليد خضير
des salle della villäclebell Luisel joosloo l s $344 (1986)
25. ójüll sase vizual vol und Bil se peus. (2000) soos slim, shell bas. Jumalo allow). 1999 al jl ze ja teise od 1998 ple Joy! ju jenis
البيطري - جامعة بغداد.
26. Ibrahim, A.I.; Arafa, E.A. and Sahlab, A.A. (1997). Study on Pathogenecity and immunogenecity of irradiated sporulated intestinal Eimeria oocyst in chickens. Assiut . Vet. Med. J. 37: 133-140.
27.Barwick, W. M. ; Stevenson , C. T.; Johnson, R. V.;Casorso, D. R. and Hymas , T. A. (1970). Coccidiosis: Evaluation of techniques for bettry testing of field-collected Eimeria oocyst. Exp. Parasitol. 28: 37-41.
28. Al-Attar, M. A. (1981). Factors Affecting the Pathogenesis Eimeria necatrix infections in chicken. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Guelph. Canada.
29. Davis, L.R. (1973). Techniques. In: The coccidia. Ed.by: D.H. Hammond and P.L. Long. Baltimore. Butter worth, London. University Parkpress. pp. 411-458.
30. AECL (1984). Certificate of measurement , Gamma cell- 220 sorce, No. gs346- quality control. Ottawa. Canada.
31. Edward, C.M.; C.C. William and A.C. Cuckler (1968). Development of resistance to quinoline coccidiostats under field and Laboratory condition. J. of Parasitol. 54:1190-1193.
32. Long, P.L. and Rose, M.B (1982). Prospects for the control of coccidiosis by immunization. World Poult.Sci. 88: 85-96. 2003 aimello 1 ssel. 27 slawell, and yell as you ab out
33. Natt, N.P. and Herrick, C.A. (1955). The effect of caecal coccidiosis on the blood cells of the domestic Fowl. 1. Comparison of the change in the erythrocyte count resulting from haemorrhage in infected and mechanically bled birds. The use of the hematocrit value as an index of the severity of the hemorrhage resulting from the infection. Poult. Sci. 43: 1100 – 1106.
34. Johnson, J. and Reid, W.M. (1970). Anticoccidial drugs lesion scoring techniques in battery and floor-Pen experiments with chickens. Exp. Parasitol. 28: 30-36.
35. Permin, A. and Hansen, J.W. (1998). Epidimiology. Diagnosis and Control of Poultry Parasites. FAO. Rome Pp.160.
36. A.O.A.C. (1970). Association of Official Analatical Chemist. Washington D.C. Official methods of analysis II edit.
37. Long, P.L. ; Johnson, L. and Wyatt, R.D. (1980). Eimeria tenella: Clinical effect in partially Immune and susceptible chicken. Poult. Sci. 59: 2221-2224.
38. Lillehoj, H.S. (1988). Influence of inoculation dose, inoculation schedule, chicken age and host genetic on disease susptibility and development of resistance to Eimeria tenella infection. Avian dis. 32: 437- 444.
39. á disall E.tenella Ü S YI chorobal áveisill öc lifll. (2001) wool stuição باشعة كاما في دجاج اللحم. رسالة ماجستير. كلية الطب البيطري – جامعة بغداد .
40. Marjankova, K. and Stejskal, J. (1972). Influence of irradiation of oocysts on vitality of sporozoites of Eimena tenella. Acta. Vet. Brno. 41: 19 1-195.
41. .(1999) Tervis, id Lügbils Jaslowl, wool zalo, bell طفيلي الايميريا تنيلا حماية الدجاج ضد مرض الاسهال الدموي باستعمال اكياس بيض 8-1:7. ( usla vac) a jell äclsill allow us del desiell
42. Sluis, W.V. (1998). The Value of Asts. World Poultry. 14: 31- 32. Shirley, M.W. (1988). Control of coccidiosis with vaccines. Pp 129 157 In: Proc. of the second Asian/ pacific poultry health conference.
44. Long, P.L. (1972) Eimria tenella: Reproduction, Pathogenecity and immunogenecity of a strain maintained in chick embryos by serial passage. J. Comp . Path. 82:429-437.
45. Nakai, Y.; Uchida, T and kanazawa, K (1992). Immunization of young chickens by trickle infection with Eimena tenella. Avian Dis. 36: 1034-1036.
46. Waldenstedt, L; Eiwinger,K. ;Lundent, A.; Thebo,P. and Uggla, A (2001). Sporulation of Eimena maxima oocyst in litter with different moisture contenlts. Poult.Sci. 80:1412-1415.
47. Wilhiams,R.B.(1994). Safety of the attenuated anticoccidial vaccine “Paracox” in broiler chickens isolated from extraneous coccidial infection. Vet. Res. Commun. 18:189-198.
48. Long, P.L. and Rowell ,J.C.(1975).Sampling broiler house litter for coccidial oocysts.Brit. Poult. Sci. 25:583-592.
49. Yvore, P. (1978). Effect of coccidiosis on the nutrition of the host. In: Avian coccidiosis. Ed.by: P.L.Long ; K.N. Boorman and B.M. Freman. Edinburgh. Brit. Poult. Sci. Ltd.pp. 269-280.
.50 القشطيني , رافت مظهر (1994) تضيف الايميريا تنيلا بالاشعاع لأغراض التحصين في الدجاج. رسالة ماجستير. كلية الطب البيطري جامعة بغداد.
51. Coggle, J. E. (1983). Biological effects on radiation; London Tylor and Francis. Ltd..
52. Williams, R.B. (1995). Epidimiological studies of coccidiosis in the
domesticated Fowl (Gallus gallus): The fate of ingested oocyst of Eimeria tenella during the prepatent period in suceptible chicks. Appl. Parasitol. 36: 83-9.
53. Champan, H. D. and cherry, E. (1997). Eye spray vaccination : nfectivity and development of immunity to Eimera acervulina and Eimeria temella. J.of Appl. Poult. Res. 6:274-278.
54. Champan, H. D. (2000). Practical use of vaccines for the control of coccidiosis in the chicken. Worlds poult. Sci. J. 56:7-20.
55. Newman, L.J. (1999). Coccidiosis control with vaccive: been there, done that. Or have we? In: proceedings of the Arkansas poult. symp. pp. 52-55.
56. Witlock, D.R. (1983). Physiologic basis of blood loss during Eimeria tenella infection. Avian Dis. 27: 1043-1050.
57. Norton, C.C. and Joyner L.P. (1986). Avian coccidiosis. The administration of encapsulated oocysts. Parasitol. 92: 499-510.
58. Long, P.L. (1966). The growth of some species of Eimeria in avian embryos. Parasitol. 56: 575-681.
59. Ruff, M.D. (1998). Why can't control coccidiosis?. World Poult. 14: 30-31.
60. Ruff, M.D. and Bacon, L.D. (1989). Eimena acervulina and Eimeria tenella in 15B- congenic White Leghorns. Poult. sci. 68: 380-385.
61. Conway, D.P.; Mckenzie, M.E. and Dayton, A. D. (1990). Relationship of coccidial lesion scores and weight gain in infections of Eimeria acervulina , Eimeria maxima and E. tenella in broiers Avian Path. 19:489-496.
62. McDonald, T.T. (1990). The role of activated T-lymphocytes in gastrointestinal disease. Clin. and Exp. Allergy. 20: 247-252.
63.McDougald, L.R. and Reid, W.M. (1997). Coccidiosis. In: Disease of poultry Ed. By: B.W. Calnek; H.J. Barnes; C.W. Beard; L.R. McDougald. And Y.M. saif 10th Ed. Mosby- wolfe. PP. 865. 64.Sterwin. (1992). Labratories Product Information. Stiff, M.I. and Bafundo, K.W. (1993). Development of mmunity in broilers continuously exposed to Eimana spp Avian Dis. 37: 295-301.
65. Eur o sa Liell sljal pen wil .(2001) ulic jjel te Lilis sales اللحم بالاكريات. رسالة ماجستير، كلية الطب البيطري. جامعة بغداد.
66. Fitz - Coy, S.H. (1992). Antigenic variation among strains of Eimeria maxima and Eimeria tenella of the chicken. Avian. Dis. 36: 40-3.
2.Mc Dougald, L.R. (1992). Coccidiosis vaccines for broilers. Brailer industry. May. 1992.
3. Joyner, L.P. (1981). The chemotherapy of prdtozoal infection of veterinary importance. J. Protozoo. 28: 17-19.
4. Reid, W.M. (1990). History of Avian medicine in the united States. Avian. Dis. 34: 509-525.
5. Williams, R.B. and Catchpole. J. (2000). Anew protocol for achallenge test to assess the efficacy of live anticoccidial vaccine. Vaccine. 18:1178-85.
6. Jeffers, T.K. (1986). Attenuation of coccidia. Review. In: Research in
avian coccidiosis. Ed.by: L.R: McDougald, L.P. Joyner and P.L. Long. University of Georgia. Athens, Georgia, pp. 482-501.
7. Awadalla , S. F. (1993), Effect of low — level infection of Eimreria tenella for a short duration on development of species Immunity in chicken. Veterinary medicine J. Giza. 3 : 9-12.
8.Rose, M.E (19730. Immunity. In: the coccidian Ed. by: Hammaond and P.L Long. University Park Press, Baltimore.Bulter Worths, London pp.295-341.
9. Bhogal, B.S.; Miller, G.A.; Anderson, A.C.; Jessee, E.J.; Strausberg, S; McCandliss, R.; Nagle, J and Strausberg, R.L. (1992). Potential of a recombinant antigen as aprophylactic vaccine for day- old broiler chickens against Eimena acervulina and Eimeria tenella. Vet. Immuno. Immunopath.31: 323-35.
10. Long, P.L., Johnson, J.; Mckenzie, M.E; Perry, E.; Crane, M.S.J. and Murray, P.K. (1986). Immunization of young broiler chickens with low level infections of Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina or Eimeria maxima. Avian Path.15: 271-278.
11. Jeffers, T.K. (1975). Attenuation of Eimeria tenella 'through selection for precociousness. J. of Parasitol.61: 1083-1090.
12. Kulkarni, J.R.; Roa, J.R. ; Omanwar, S. and Singh, R.K. (1999). Isolation, purification and protein profile of merozoite and oocyst. J. of Vet. Parasitol. 13: 119-123.
13. Albaness, A. and Smetama, H.(1937).(Cited by Waxler 1941).
14. Waxler, S.H. (1941). Immunization against Caecal coccidiosis in chickens by the use of X-Ray attenuated oocyst. J. Ame. Vet. Med. Ass. 99: 481 – 485.
15. Hein, H.(1963). (Cited by Marjankova and stejskal ,1972).
16. Hartmanova, B. and Ziegler, K. (1972). Inhibition of the development cycle of Eimeria tenella. In immunized chickens. Acta Veterinaria. 41: 185-9.
17. Ziegler, K. (1973). Immunization of chickens with Xirradiated oocystes of E. tenella (Raillet and Lucet, 1985). Acta Veterineria. 42: 141-152.
18. Sokolic, A.; Movesesijan, M.; Tanielian, Z and Abu All, N. (1976). Irradiated Eimeria brunetti, Eimeria necatrix and Eimera tenella. In the Simultaneous immunization of chickens. Brit. Vet. J. 132: 416 - 422.
19. Abu Ali, N.; Binnerts, W. T. and Klimes, B. (1972). Immunization by irradiated Eimeria acervulina. J. of protozool. 19: 177-180.
20. Eva Lidl jus ülsi Liyod olieb zülal.(1999) blow jersebac XI
مختلفة من اشعة كاما. رسالة ماجستير، كلية الطب البيطري. جامعة بغداد.
21. Long, P.L. and Millard, B.J. (1977). Eimeria: immunization of young chickens kept in litter pens. Avian path. 6:77-92.
22. Jenkins, M.C.; Augustine, P.C.; Danforth, H.D. and Barta, J .. R. (199
la). X-irradiation of Eimeria tenella oocyst provides direct evidence that sporozoite invasion and early schizont development induce aprotective immune response(s) infectious. Immunity. 59: 4042-4048.
23. Jenkins, M.C.; Seferian, P.G.; Augustine, P.C. and Danfarth, H.D. (1993). Protective immunity against coccidiosis elicted by radiation attenuated Eimeria maxima sporozoites that are incapable of asexual development. Avian Dis. 37: 74-82.
24.المحمد , نعيم ثاني , الراوي , خاشع محمود , يونس ومؤيد احمد و المراني , وليد خضير
des salle della villäclebell Luisel joosloo l s $344 (1986)
25. ójüll sase vizual vol und Bil se peus. (2000) soos slim, shell bas. Jumalo allow). 1999 al jl ze ja teise od 1998 ple Joy! ju jenis
البيطري - جامعة بغداد.
26. Ibrahim, A.I.; Arafa, E.A. and Sahlab, A.A. (1997). Study on Pathogenecity and immunogenecity of irradiated sporulated intestinal Eimeria oocyst in chickens. Assiut . Vet. Med. J. 37: 133-140.
27.Barwick, W. M. ; Stevenson , C. T.; Johnson, R. V.;Casorso, D. R. and Hymas , T. A. (1970). Coccidiosis: Evaluation of techniques for bettry testing of field-collected Eimeria oocyst. Exp. Parasitol. 28: 37-41.
28. Al-Attar, M. A. (1981). Factors Affecting the Pathogenesis Eimeria necatrix infections in chicken. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Guelph. Canada.
29. Davis, L.R. (1973). Techniques. In: The coccidia. Ed.by: D.H. Hammond and P.L. Long. Baltimore. Butter worth, London. University Parkpress. pp. 411-458.
30. AECL (1984). Certificate of measurement , Gamma cell- 220 sorce, No. gs346- quality control. Ottawa. Canada.
31. Edward, C.M.; C.C. William and A.C. Cuckler (1968). Development of resistance to quinoline coccidiostats under field and Laboratory condition. J. of Parasitol. 54:1190-1193.
32. Long, P.L. and Rose, M.B (1982). Prospects for the control of coccidiosis by immunization. World Poult.Sci. 88: 85-96. 2003 aimello 1 ssel. 27 slawell, and yell as you ab out
33. Natt, N.P. and Herrick, C.A. (1955). The effect of caecal coccidiosis on the blood cells of the domestic Fowl. 1. Comparison of the change in the erythrocyte count resulting from haemorrhage in infected and mechanically bled birds. The use of the hematocrit value as an index of the severity of the hemorrhage resulting from the infection. Poult. Sci. 43: 1100 – 1106.
34. Johnson, J. and Reid, W.M. (1970). Anticoccidial drugs lesion scoring techniques in battery and floor-Pen experiments with chickens. Exp. Parasitol. 28: 30-36.
35. Permin, A. and Hansen, J.W. (1998). Epidimiology. Diagnosis and Control of Poultry Parasites. FAO. Rome Pp.160.
36. A.O.A.C. (1970). Association of Official Analatical Chemist. Washington D.C. Official methods of analysis II edit.
37. Long, P.L. ; Johnson, L. and Wyatt, R.D. (1980). Eimeria tenella: Clinical effect in partially Immune and susceptible chicken. Poult. Sci. 59: 2221-2224.
38. Lillehoj, H.S. (1988). Influence of inoculation dose, inoculation schedule, chicken age and host genetic on disease susptibility and development of resistance to Eimeria tenella infection. Avian dis. 32: 437- 444.
39. á disall E.tenella Ü S YI chorobal áveisill öc lifll. (2001) wool stuição باشعة كاما في دجاج اللحم. رسالة ماجستير. كلية الطب البيطري – جامعة بغداد .
40. Marjankova, K. and Stejskal, J. (1972). Influence of irradiation of oocysts on vitality of sporozoites of Eimena tenella. Acta. Vet. Brno. 41: 19 1-195.
41. .(1999) Tervis, id Lügbils Jaslowl, wool zalo, bell طفيلي الايميريا تنيلا حماية الدجاج ضد مرض الاسهال الدموي باستعمال اكياس بيض 8-1:7. ( usla vac) a jell äclsill allow us del desiell
42. Sluis, W.V. (1998). The Value of Asts. World Poultry. 14: 31- 32. Shirley, M.W. (1988). Control of coccidiosis with vaccines. Pp 129 157 In: Proc. of the second Asian/ pacific poultry health conference.
44. Long, P.L. (1972) Eimria tenella: Reproduction, Pathogenecity and immunogenecity of a strain maintained in chick embryos by serial passage. J. Comp . Path. 82:429-437.
45. Nakai, Y.; Uchida, T and kanazawa, K (1992). Immunization of young chickens by trickle infection with Eimena tenella. Avian Dis. 36: 1034-1036.
46. Waldenstedt, L; Eiwinger,K. ;Lundent, A.; Thebo,P. and Uggla, A (2001). Sporulation of Eimena maxima oocyst in litter with different moisture contenlts. Poult.Sci. 80:1412-1415.
47. Wilhiams,R.B.(1994). Safety of the attenuated anticoccidial vaccine “Paracox” in broiler chickens isolated from extraneous coccidial infection. Vet. Res. Commun. 18:189-198.
48. Long, P.L. and Rowell ,J.C.(1975).Sampling broiler house litter for coccidial oocysts.Brit. Poult. Sci. 25:583-592.
49. Yvore, P. (1978). Effect of coccidiosis on the nutrition of the host. In: Avian coccidiosis. Ed.by: P.L.Long ; K.N. Boorman and B.M. Freman. Edinburgh. Brit. Poult. Sci. Ltd.pp. 269-280.
.50 القشطيني , رافت مظهر (1994) تضيف الايميريا تنيلا بالاشعاع لأغراض التحصين في الدجاج. رسالة ماجستير. كلية الطب البيطري جامعة بغداد.
51. Coggle, J. E. (1983). Biological effects on radiation; London Tylor and Francis. Ltd..
52. Williams, R.B. (1995). Epidimiological studies of coccidiosis in the
domesticated Fowl (Gallus gallus): The fate of ingested oocyst of Eimeria tenella during the prepatent period in suceptible chicks. Appl. Parasitol. 36: 83-9.
53. Champan, H. D. and cherry, E. (1997). Eye spray vaccination : nfectivity and development of immunity to Eimera acervulina and Eimeria temella. J.of Appl. Poult. Res. 6:274-278.
54. Champan, H. D. (2000). Practical use of vaccines for the control of coccidiosis in the chicken. Worlds poult. Sci. J. 56:7-20.
55. Newman, L.J. (1999). Coccidiosis control with vaccive: been there, done that. Or have we? In: proceedings of the Arkansas poult. symp. pp. 52-55.
56. Witlock, D.R. (1983). Physiologic basis of blood loss during Eimeria tenella infection. Avian Dis. 27: 1043-1050.
57. Norton, C.C. and Joyner L.P. (1986). Avian coccidiosis. The administration of encapsulated oocysts. Parasitol. 92: 499-510.
58. Long, P.L. (1966). The growth of some species of Eimeria in avian embryos. Parasitol. 56: 575-681.
59. Ruff, M.D. (1998). Why can't control coccidiosis?. World Poult. 14: 30-31.
60. Ruff, M.D. and Bacon, L.D. (1989). Eimena acervulina and Eimeria tenella in 15B- congenic White Leghorns. Poult. sci. 68: 380-385.
61. Conway, D.P.; Mckenzie, M.E. and Dayton, A. D. (1990). Relationship of coccidial lesion scores and weight gain in infections of Eimeria acervulina , Eimeria maxima and E. tenella in broiers Avian Path. 19:489-496.
62. McDonald, T.T. (1990). The role of activated T-lymphocytes in gastrointestinal disease. Clin. and Exp. Allergy. 20: 247-252.
63.McDougald, L.R. and Reid, W.M. (1997). Coccidiosis. In: Disease of poultry Ed. By: B.W. Calnek; H.J. Barnes; C.W. Beard; L.R. McDougald. And Y.M. saif 10th Ed. Mosby- wolfe. PP. 865. 64.Sterwin. (1992). Labratories Product Information. Stiff, M.I. and Bafundo, K.W. (1993). Development of mmunity in broilers continuously exposed to Eimana spp Avian Dis. 37: 295-301.
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