Study of The Experimentally Zinc Deficiency in Iraqi Local Breed Goats

Main Article Content

Mahmood Raad Al-Zubaedi
Alaa K. Mahmood
Nazar Jabbar Al-Khafaji

Abstract

The current study was conducted to study experimentaly induced zinc deficiency and its consequnces hematology  in Iraqi goats. A twenty five goats, 5-6 months old were involved in this study. The study extended from November 2018 continued for 10 weeks in the farm of College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Diyala. The animals were fed a  high calcium content ration (400-500 gm/head/day) in addition to hay and water with ad libitum during the study. The main clinical signs were retardation in hair growth, especially of legs and head, swollen joint, poor growth, rough hair coat, loss of hair on head, limbs, and scrotum,  cracking of the hooves. The skin rough, thickened, cracked, alopecia, crusting, and hyperkeratosis also paleness of the mucous membranes of the eye, loss of appetite, itching, and emaciation. Body weight, heart rates, and body temperature were not significantly changed, respiratory rates significantly decreased in 3rd and 6th weeks in comparison with 1st week. The results of total red blood cells counts revealed significantly decreased in the  2nd week compared with 1st week, then increased in the 4th, 6th and 8th weeks in comparison with1st week. Hemoglobin concentration significantly increased at the 2nd, 4th and 6th weeks in comparison with the  1st week. Packed cell volume increased at the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks compared with 1st week. Serum zinc was significantly decreased from the 2nd week till the end of the experiment.Significant decrease in lymphocytes was detected at the 4th week compered with 1, 2, 6 and 8 weeks. Eosinophil  was also significantly decreased in the 2nd and 6th weeks compared with 1st week, and increased 4th week and 8week compared with 2nd ,6th respectively.It is concluded from this study that zinc deficiency clearly affects the overall health status and may eventually lead to economic losses in local goats.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

How to Cite
Study of The Experimentally Zinc Deficiency in Iraqi Local Breed Goats. (2019). The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 43(2), 42-51. https://doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v43i2.528
Section
Articles

How to Cite

Study of The Experimentally Zinc Deficiency in Iraqi Local Breed Goats. (2019). The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 43(2), 42-51. https://doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v43i2.528

References

O’Dell, B. L. (2000). Role of Zinc in Plasma Membrane Function. The Journal of Nutrition, 130: 1432-1436.

Jia, W. B.; Jia, Z. H.; Zhang, W.; Wang, R. L.; Zhang, S. W. and Zhu, X. P. (2008). Effects of Dietary Zinc on Performance, Nutrient Digestibility And Plasma Zinc Status in Cashmere Goats. Small Ruminant. Research, 80: 68-72.

Zalewsk,i. P. D.; Ai, Q. T.; Dion, G.; Lata, J.; Chiara, M. and Richard, E. R. (2005). Zinc Metabolism in Airway Epithelium and Airway Inflammation: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Targets: A review: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 105: 127-149.

Wedekind, K. J. and Baker, D. H. (1990). Zinc Bioavailability in Feed-Grade Sources of Zinc.Journal of animal science., 68: 684-689.

Justyna, R. and Katarzyna, Ż. (2014). Effects of Mineral Deficiency on The Health of Young Ruminants. J. Elem., 19 (3): 915 - 928.

Evans, P.; Halliwell, B. (2001). Micronutrients: Oxidant/Antioxidant Status. B J Nutr., 85: 67- 74.

White, C. L.; Martin, G. B.; Hynd, P. I. and Chapman, R. E. (1994). The Effects of Zinc Deficiency On Wool Growth And Skin and Wool Follicle Histology of Male Merrino Lambs. Br. J. Nutr., 71: 425-436.

Underwood, E. J. and Suttle, N. F. (1999). The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock, 3rd ed. UK, Publishing, Co International, Wallingford, Oxon. Pp: 283-292.

Maares, M. and Haase, H. (2016). Zinc and Immunity: an Essential Interrelation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 611: 58-65.

Tsai, Y.H.; Mao, S.Y.; Li, M.Z.; Huang, J.T. and Lien, T.F. (2016). Effects ofNanosize Zinc Oxide on Zinc Retention, Eggshell Quality, Immune Response and Serum Parameters of Aged Laying Hens. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 213: 99-107.

Pasternak, C.A.; Alder, G. M.; Bashford, C. L.; Korchev, Y. E.; Pederzolli, C. and Rostovtseva, T. K. (1992). Membrane Damage: Common Mechanisms of Induction and Prevention. FEMS Microbiol Immunol., 5: 83-92.

O’Dell, B. L. (1992). Zinc Plays Both Structural and Catalytic Roles in Metalloproteins. Nutr Rev., 50: 48-50.

Bao, B.; Prasad, A. S.; Beck, F. W. and Godmere, M. (2003). Zinc Modulates Mrna Levels of Cytokines. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab., 285: E1095-102.

Berg,J.M.and Shi, Y. (1996). The Galvanization of Biology: a Growing Appreciation for The Roles of Zinc. Science, 271: 1081-5.

Sum, E.Y.; O’Reilly, L.A.; Jonas,N. Linde-man,G. J. and Visvader, J. E. (2005). The LIM Domain Protein Lmo4 is Highly Expressed in Proliferating Mouse Epithelial Tissues. J Histochem Cytochem., 53: 475-86.

Zhu, C. H.; Ying, D. J.; Mi, J. H.; Zhang, W.; Dong, S. W.; Sun, J. S. and Zhang, J. P. (2004). The Zinc Finger Protein A20 Protects Endothelial Cells from Burns Serum Injury. Burns., 30: 127-33.

Hock, H. and Orkin, S. H. (2006). Zinc-Finger Transcription Factor Gfi-1: A Versatile Regulator of Lymphocytes, Neutrophils, and Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Curr Opin Hematol., 13: 1-6.

Constable, P. D.; Hinchcliff, K.W.; Done, S. H.; Grünberg, W. (2017). Veterinary Medicine. A textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, goats, and horses. 11th (ed.), Printed in China. Pp: 1630-1738.

Pugh, D.G., (2002). A Text Book of Sheep and Goat Medicine. 1st edition. W. B. Saunders, USA. Pp: 0-7216 - 9052-7211.

Coles, E.H. (1986). Veterinary Clinical Pathology 4th Ed. USA.W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, London and Toronto. Pp: 17-19. 21. Schalm, O. W.; Jain, N. C. and Carrol, E.. J. (1986). Veterinary Haematology, 4th ed. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. USA.

Ibrahim, S. O.; Helal, M. A.; Abd El Rraof, Y. M.; Elattar, H. M. (2016). Experimental Study on Zinc Deficiency in Sheep. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal, 31 (1):110-118.

Fuwa, K.; Pablo, P.; Robert, M. and Vallee, B. L. (1964). Determination of Zinc in Biological Materials by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 36: 2407-2411.

Gomez, K. A. and Gomez, A. A. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research.2nd Ed. USA John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York.

Chan, S.; Gerson, B. andSubramaniam, S. (1998). The Role of Copper, Molybdenum, Selenium, and Zinc in Nutrition and Health. Clinics in laboratory Medicine,18: 673-685.

Gooneratne, S., Buckley, W. and Christensen, D. (1989). Review of Copper Deficiency and Metabolism in Ruminants. Can. J. of Ani. Sci., 69: 819-845.

Mozaffari, A. and Derakhshanfar, A. (2007). Zinc Responsive Dermatosis in An Iranian Crossbreed Ram. Iranian J Vet. Res., 2: 182-183.

Arrayet, J. L.; Oberbauer, A. M.;Famula, T. R.; Garnett, I.; Oltjen, J.W.; Imhoof, J.;Kehrli, J. R. and Graham, T.W. (2002). Growth of Holstein,sCalves From Birth to 90 Days: The Influence of Dietary Zinc And BLAD Status. Journal of Animal Science, 80: 545-552.

Miller, W.J.; Blackmon, D.M. and Gentry, R.P. (1991). Zinc Absorption, Metabolism, and Endogenous Excretion in Zinc-Deficient and Normal Calves Over an Extended Time. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3535-3543.

Suttle, N.F. and Jones, G. (2007). Micronutrient Imbalance. In: Disease of Sheep, Aitken, I.D. (Ed). 4th Edu. UK., Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. Pp: 377-392.

Campbell, M. H. and Miller, J. K. (1998). Effect of Supplement Dietary Vitamin E and Zinc on Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cows and Heifers Fed Excess Iron. Journal of Dairy Science., 81: 2693-2699.

Cao, J.; Henry, R. R.; Guo, R.; Wolwerda, R. A. and Toth, J. P. (2000). Chemical Charactarestic and Relative Bioavailability of Supplemental Organic Zinc Source for Poultry and Ruminants. Janimal Sci., 78: 2039 - 2054.

Droke, E. A.; Spears, J. W.; Armstrong, J. D.; Kegley, E. B. and Simpson, R. B. (1993). Dietary Zinc Affects Serum Concentrations of Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I in Growing Lambs. The Journal of nutrition, 123: 13-19.

Kennedy, K.J.; Ranis, T.M. and Shay, N.F. (1998). Zinc Deficiency Changes Preferred Macronutrient intake in Subpopulattions of Spraguc-Dawley out bred Rats and Reduces Hepatic Pyruvate Kinase Gene Expression. I. Nutri. Jan., 128 (1): 43-9.

Failla, M.L. (2003). Trace Elements and Host Defense: Recent Advances and Continuing Challenges. The Journal of Nutrition, 133: 1443s-1447s.

Al-Saad, K. M.; Al-Sadi, H. I. and Abdul-Majeed, M. O. (2006). Clinical and Pathological Studies on Naturally Occurring Zinc Deficiency (Hypozincemia) in Buffalo Calves. Proceedings of the 4th Scientific Conference of College of Veterinary Medicine, (SCCVM’06), University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq. P: 97-107.

Van Wouwe, J.P., (1989). Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Acrodermatitis Enteropathica. European journal of pediatrics., 149: 2-8. 38. Machen, M.; Montgomery, T.; Holland, R.; Braselton, E.; Dunstan, R.; Brewer, G. and Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan, V. (1996). Bovine Hered-itary Zinc Deficiency: lethal trait A 46. Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation: official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, 8: 219-227.

Sharma, M. C. and Joshi, C. (2005). Therapeutic Efficacy of Zinc Sulphate Used in Clustered Model Treatment in Alleviating Zinc Deficiency in Cattle and Its Effect on Hormones, Vitamins and Production Parameters. Veterinary research communicat-ions, 29: 609-628.

Nishi, Y. (1996). Zinc and Growth. Journal of American College of Nutrition, 15: 340 - 344.

Ogawa, Y.; Kawamura, T. and Shimada, S. (2016). Zinc and Skin Biology. Archives of Biochemistry And Biophysics journal, 611: 1-7. 42. Aggarwal, M.; Chua, T. K.; Pinard, M. A.; Szebenyi, D. M. and McKenna, R. (2015). Carbon Dioxide "Trapped" in a Beta- Carbonic Anhydrase. Biochemistry, 54: 6631-6638.

Kimber, M. S. and Pai, E. F. (2000). The Active Site Architecture of PisumSativum Beta-Carbonic Anhydrase is A Mirror Image of That of Alphacarbonic Anhydrases. The EMBO journal, 19: 1407-1418.

Piccione, G.; Casella, S.; Lutri, L.; Vazzana, I.; Ferrantelli, V. and Caola, G. (2010). Reference Values for Some Haematological, Haemato-chemical and Electrophoretic Parameters in The Girgentana Goat. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 34 (2):197-204.

Olayemi, F. O.; Oboye, O.O.; Azeez, I. O. ;Oyagbemi, A. A. and Soetan, K. O. (2009). Influence of Management Systems And Sex on

Hematology of West African Dwarf Goat. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 4 (11):1199-1202.

Rice, C.G. and Hall, B. (2007). Hematologic and Biochemical Reference Intervals for Mountain Goats (OreamnosAmericanus): Effects of Capture Conditions. Northwest Sci., 81 (3): 206-214.

Egbe-Nwiyi, T. N.;Nwaosu, S. C. and Salami, H.A. (2000). Hematological Values of Apparently Healthy Sheep and Goats as Influenced by Age and Sex in The Arid Zone of Nigeria. Afr. J. Biomed. Res., 3: 109-115.

Zumbo, A.;Sciano, S.; Messina, V.; Casella, S.; Rita di Rosa, A. andPiccione, G. (2011). Hematological Profile of Messinese Goat Kids and Their Dams During The First Month Post-partum. Anim. Sci. Pap. Rep., 29 (3): 223 - 230.

Zamfirescu, S.; Topoleanu, I. andNadolu, D. (2009). Observations Concerning Hemato-logical Profile in Goat. Lucrari Seria Stiintifice,52: 86-91.

Sulaiman, E. G.; Arslan, S. H.; Al-Obaidi, Q. T. and Daham, E. (2010). Clinical, Hematological and Biochemical Studies of Babesiosis in Native Goats in Mosul. Iraqi J. Vet. Sci., 24 (1): 31-35.

Marcos, J.; Nunes,M.;Izabelle,A.; Roberto, C.; Carlo,M.; Kléber,R. and Gabriel, M. (2017). Trace Mineral Requirements for Growth of Moxotó Goats Grazing In The Semiarid Region of Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 46 (3): 231 - 239.

Hambidge, K. M.; Goodall, M. J.; Stall, C. and Pritts, J. (1989). Post-prandial and Daily Changes in Plasma Zinc. Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes In Health and Disease, 3: 57-55.

Singer, L. J; Herron, A. and Altman, N. (2000). Zinc Responsive Dermatopathy in Goats. Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci., 39: 32-35.

Linklater, K.A. and Smith, M.C. (1993). Color Atlas of Diseases and Disorders of The Sheep and Goat, Aylesbury, UK,Wolfe Publishing. 55. Bires, J.; Bartko, P.; Juhasova, Z. and Kovarova, E. (1992). Biologic Quality of Colostrum and Calves from Dairy Cows Injected with Zinc During Pregnancy. Vet Med. (Praha), 37: 641-650.

Droke, E. A. and Spears, J. W. (1993). In vitro and In Vivo Immunological Measurements in Growing Lambs Fed Diets Deficient, Marginal Or Adequate in Zinc. J. Nutrition- Immunology, 2: 71-90.

Prasad, A. S. (2007). Zinc: Mechanisms of Host Defense. The Journal of nutrition, 137: 1345- 1349.

Shahraz, S. and Ghaziani, T., (2005). A Comprehensive Textbook of Drug Information. 3rd ed. Tehran: Teimourzadeh., Pp: 744 - 745. 59. Lugon, J. ( 2005). Uremic pruritus: A review. Hemodial Int.,9:180-188. 60. Dagmar, S.; Andrew, W. and Marc, E. (2010). Organ-specific Eosinophilic Disorders of The Skin, Lung and Gastrointestinal Tract. J Allergy Clin Immunol., 126 (1): 3-13

Similar Articles

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.