Investigation of Aflatoxin B1, Ochratoxin A, and Fumonisin B1 in Poultry Feeds in Nineveh Province
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and fumonisin B1 (FB1), the most commonly encountered mycotoxins, constitute serious human and animal health threats as a result of their toxigenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic influences. The study aimed to investigate the occurrence of these mycotoxins in poultry feeds and determine the percentage of the samples that exceeded the legal limits approved by the European Commission (EC). Sixty poultry feed samples were collected from poultry feed plants and poultry farms in Nineveh Province and analyzed for detection mycotoxins using competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results reported co-occurrence of AFB1 and FB1 in all samples examined (100%), while AFB1, OTA, and FB1 co-occurred in 53 samples (88.33%) at values ranging between 3.15–43.96, 0–168.24, and 220.6–6935.12 ppb, respectively. Also, results showed that FB1 existed at a mean value (2164.01 ppb) significantly higher (P<0.05) than those reported for AFB1 and OTA (16.48 and 32.09 ppb, respectively). Results revealed that 38.33% and 10% of feed samples exceeded the maximum permissible limits for AFB1 and OTA established by EC, whereas all feed samples were within the EC limit for FB1. As a result, strict procedures should be implemented to achieve legal limits concerning AFB1 and OTA in poultry feeds to preserve public health.
Received: 28 August 2023
Revised: 25 September 2023
Accepted: 18 October 2023
Published: 28 December 2023
Downloads
Article Details
How to Cite
References
Awuchi CG, Ondari EN, Ogbonna CU, Upadhyay AK, Baran K, Okpala COR, et al. Mycotoxins affecting animals, foods, humans, and plants: Types, occurrence, toxicities, action mechanisms, prevention, and detoxification strategies-A revisit. Foods. 2021;10(6):1279. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10061279
Moretti A, Logrieco AF, Susca A. Mycotoxins: An underhand food problem. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1542:3-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6707-0_1
Khodaei D, Javanmardi F, Khaneghah AM. The global overview of the occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals: A three-year survey. Curr Opin Food Sci. 2021;39:36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2020.12.012
Alameri MM, Kong AS-Y, Aljaafari MN, Ali HA, Eid K, Sallagi MA, et al. Aflatoxin contamination: an overview on health issues, detection and management strategies. Toxins. 2023;15(4):246.
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15040246
Kumar A, Pathak H, Bhadauria S, Sudan J. Aflatoxin contamination in food crops: Causes, detection, and management: a review. Food Prod Process Nutr. 2021;3(1):17.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s43014-021-00064-y
Abbas DA, Faraj MK, Abed AR. Some biochemical and histopathological effects of different oral doses Ochratoxin A in male rats. Iraqi J Vet Med. 2012;36(0E):182–189.
https://doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v36i0E.414
EFSA CONTAM Panel (EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain). Scientific opinion on the risk assessment of ochratoxin A in food. EFSA J. 2020;18(5):6113. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6113
Chen J, Wei Z, Wang Y, Long M, Wu W, Kuca K. Fumonisin B1: Mechanisms of toxicity and biological detoxification progress in animals. Food Chem Toxicol. 2021;149:111977.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.111977
Ashiq S. Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in food and feed: Pakistan perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2015; 14: 159–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12122
Hassan FF. Detection of aflatoxin B1 in some canned foods and reduction of toxin by ultraviolet radiation. Iraqi J Sci. 2017;58(4C):2343-2349. https://ijs.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/eijs/article/view/130
Shareef AM. Detection of aflatoxin in compound feeds of broiler flocks suffered from field aflatoxicosis. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2007;21(1):65-74. https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2007.5627
Khayoon WS, Saad B, Yan CB, Hashim NH, Ali AS, Salleh MI, et al. Determination of aflatoxins in animal feeds by HPLC with multifunctional column clean-up. Food Chem. 2010; 118(3):882-886.
1016/j.foodchem.2009.05.082
Majeed SH, Khammas EJ. Aflatoxin in chicken’s feed and its effects on apoptosis. Iraqi J Vet Med. 2010;34(1):29–43. https://doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v34i1.656
Hassan FF, Al- Jibouri MH, Hashim AJ. Isolation and identification of fungal propagation in stored maize and detection of aflatoxin B1 using TLC and ELISA technique. Iraqi J Sci. 2014;55(2B):634-642.
Bibani NM, Khidhir ZK, Shaker AS, Kirkuki SM, Abdulateef SM. Analyses of mycotoxins in broiler’s local and imported feeds. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2019;33(2):267-271. https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2019.162994
Kraidi QA, Abbas SS, Chayan MA. Study of pathological changes caused by mycotoxins in broilers in Al-Qurna city, Basra, Iraq. Plant Arch. 2019;19(2):2579-2584.
Rahim HM, Othman DH, Majeed RK, Saeed NM, Ismaeel DO. Mycotoxins in poultry feed and feed ingredients in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan region of Iraq. Bas J Vet Res. 2020;19(2):210-222.
Abdulhameed MF, Sayhood MH, Al-wan NA. Mycotoxins hazard assessment of feedstuffs from multiple sources products commercially imported for Iraq. Al-Mustansiriyah J Sci. 2023;33(5):101–107.
https://doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v33i5.1323
Minati MH, Mohammed-Ameen MK. First report of three kinds of mycotoxins dioxynivalenol, nivalenol and fumonisin B2 in seeds of seven wheat cultivars in Iraq. Iraqi J Vet Med. 2023;43(1):43–49.
https://doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v43i1.469
AL-Warshan SH, AL-Hadethy ON, Mohammd AF. Contamination of poultry feed with aflatoxin Bl. Iraqi J Agric Sci. 2007;38(1):15-21.
Sadeeq ET. Some mycotoxins contamination in animal feed and feedstuff ingredients in Duhok Province. J Uni Duhok. 2020;23(2):182-188. https://doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2020.23.2.21
Sokolovic M, Berendika M, Amsel Zelenika T, Simpraga B, Krstulovic F. Determination of fumonisins in grains and poultry feedstuffs in Croatia: a 16-year study. Toxins. 2022;14(7):444.
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070444
Steel RG, Torrie JH. Principles and procedures of statistics. (With special reference to the biological sciences). McGraw‐ Hill Book Company, New York, Toronto, London. 1960. 10.1002/BIMJ.19620040313
Duncan DB. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics. JSTOR. 1955;11:1-42.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3001478
EC (European Commission). Commission Regulation (EU) 2011/574 of 16 June 2011 Amending Annex I to Directive 2002/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as Regards maximum levels for nitrite, melamine, ambrosia spp. and carry-over of certain coccidiostats and histomonostats and consolidating. O J L. 2011;159,17.6:7–24. http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2011/574/oj
EC (European Commission). Commission Recommendation 2006/576/EC of 17 August 2006 on the Presence of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 and fumonisins in products intended for animal feeding. O J L. 2006; 229, 23.8:7–9.
Al-Naemey HM, Ja`afar NS, Omran HA. Study of using Thymbra spicata leaves to reduce the toxic immunosuppresive effect of aflatoxin in broilers. Iraqi J Vet Med. 2008;32(1):140–147.
https://doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v32i1.774
Ochieng PE, Scippo ML, Kemboi DC, Croubels S, Okoth S, Kang'ethe EK, et al. Mycotoxins in poultry feed and feed ingredients from Sub-Saharan Africa and their impact on the production of broiler and layer chickens: a review. Toxins. 2021;13(9):633.https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13090633
Alshawabkeh K, Alkhalaileh NI, Abdelqader A, Al-Fataftah AA, Herzallah SM. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in poultry feed and feed ingredients in Jordan using ELISA and HPLC. American-Eurasian J Toxicol Sci. 2015;7(4):316-320. 10.5829/idosi.aejts.2015.7.4.10172
Alahlah N, El Maadoudi M, Bouchriti N, Triqui R, Stitou M, Hafid NH, et al. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in animal feed collected from the northeastern area of Morocco. World Vet J. 2021;11(4):587-593.
https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj74
Oruc HH, Cengiz M, Uzunoglu I. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1 and T-2 toxin in feed and raw ingredients used for animal feeding stuffs. Uludag Univ J Fac Vet Med. 2007;26(1-2): 1-5.
Abdou KA, Moselhy WA, Ibrahim MA, Mahmoud AR, Abd El-Wahab RR. The effect of aflatoxin B1 contamination on the antioxidant status of broilers’ liver and breast muscle. Adv Anim Vet Sci. 2019;7(6):492-497. 10.17582/journal.aavs/2019/7.6.492.497
Sifou A, Mahnine N, Manyes L, El Adlouni C, El Azzouzi M, Zinedine A. Determination of ochratoxin A in poultry feeds available in Rabat area (Morocco) by high performance liquid chromatography. J Mater Environ Sci. 2016;7(6):2229-2234.
Alkhalaileh NI. Prevalence of ochratoxin A in poultry feed and meat from Jordan. Pakistan J Biol Sci. 2018;21:239-244. https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjbs.2018.239.244
Gumus R, Ercan N, Imik H. Determination of ochratoxin A levels in mixed feed and feed stuffs used in some laying hens and ruminant enterprises of Sivas City. Rev Bras Cienc Avic. 2018;20(1):85-90. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2017-0674
Fraga ME, Curvello F, Gatti MJ, Cavaglieri LR, Dalcero AM, da Rocha CA. Potential aflatoxin and ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus species in poultry feed processing. Vet Res Commun. 2007;31(3):343-353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-006-3434-x
Krnjaja V, Pavlovski Z, Lukic M, Skrbic Z, Stojanovic Lj, Bijelic Z, et al. Fungal contamination and natural occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in poultry feed. Biotechnol Animal Husbandry. 2014;30 (3):481-488. 10.2298/BAH1403481K
Sherazi ST, Shar ZH, Sumbal GA, Tan ET, Bhanger MI, Kara H, et al. Occurrence of ochratoxin A in poultry feeds and feed ingredients from Pakistan. Mycotoxin Res. 2015;31(1):1-7. 10.1007/s12550-014-0216-0
Abidin Z, Khatoon A, Arooj N, Hussain S, Ali S, Manzoor AW, et al. Estimation of ochratoxin A in poultry feed and its ingredients with special reference to temperature conditions. Br Poult Sci. 2017;58(3):251-255. 10.1080/00071668.2017.1293797
Kumi J, Agyei-Heneku KA, Ofosuhene M. Levels of aflatoxins and fumonisins in poultry feed from Ghana. J Anim Feed Res. 2019;9(6):241-246. https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2019.ojafr33
Elalfy MM, Abdein MM. Incidence and concentration of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A on broilers ration in Dakahila Governorate, Egypt. Assiut Vet Med J. 2016;62(148):48-51. 10.21608/avmj.2016.169209
Akinmusire OO, El-Yuguda A, Musa JA, Oyedele OA, Sulyok M, Somorin YM, et al. Mycotoxins in poultry feed and feed ingredients in Nigeria. Mycotoxin Res. 2019;35(2):149-155. 10.1007/s12550-018-0337-y
Al-Said AA, El-Tedawy FA. Mycological examination of poultry feed with special reference to aflatoxin and ochratoxin interaction in poultry farms in El-Behaira Province. Egypt J Anim Hlth. 2021;1(4):56-64. 10.21608/ejah.2021.213622
Perrone G, Ferrara M, Medina A, Pascale M, Magan N. Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in a climate change scenario: ecology, genomics, distribution, prediction and prevention of the risk. Microorganisms. 2020;8(10):1496. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8101496
Kos J, Anic M, Radic B, Zadravec M, Hajnal EJ, Pleadin J. Climate change—A global threat resulting in increasing mycotoxin occurrence. Foods. 2023;12(14):2704.https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12142704