The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine
Description of the Journal The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine (Iraqi J. Vet. Med.), established in 1977 and published by the College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Baghdad, stands as the pioneering scientific veterinary journal in Iraq. With a mission to advance the veterinary profession, the journal began as an annual print publication until 2004, transitioning in 2005 to a biannual schedule, releasing one volume with two issues per year (June and December). These editions feature a rich diversity of contributions, including original research papers, review articles, and case reports from various veterinary specialties. In 1985, the journal was officially registered with the National Library of Baghdad under registration number 322. In 2005, the journal adopted the principles of open access, committing to provide immediate, permanent, and free access to its research content. Although a dedicated online platform was not available at that time, the journal pursued various methods to distribute its content freely. It achieved this by mailing free print copies to slot gacor veterinary colleges both within Iraq and internationally, fulfilling direct requests from researchers globally at no cost, and distributing free print copies at veterinary conferences, workshops, and seminars, thereby fostering a wide academic exchange. The journal continued with print publications exclusively until 2012. In 2013, The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine launched its electronic online version, distributed across different platforms to expand accessibility and impact. In 2015, the journal received both P-ISSN 1609-5693 and E-ISSN 2410-7409, officially marking its international open-access status. Since 2019, the journal has advanced to online management via Open Journal System (OJS), enhancing the efficiency of its submission, peer review, and publication processes. Adhering to a policy of language inclusivity until 2015, the journal accepted submissions in both Arabic and English. However, it now requires articles to be submitted in English, with the provision for Arabic abstracts for Arabic-speaking authors. Reflecting its dedication to open science and the free exchange of information, all papers are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4) license, upholding the authors' copyright while ensuring the content remains freely accessible worldwide. As of June 2025, the journal proudly released the publication of 49 volumes and 71 issues, including 582 articles in Arabic and 495 in English.
Age-Dependent Expression of Humanin in the Bull (Bos Taurus) Testis and Its Potential Role in Regulating Hormonal Status, Oxidative Stress and MicroRNA Expression
Humanin (HN), a mitochondrial-derived peptide with cytoprotective functions, has not been thoroughly investigated in the bull gonad. This study characterized the developmental localization of HN in the bull testis and its relationship with hormonal status, oxidative stress, and key miRNAs. An age dependent HN expression pattern was seen by immunofluorescence examinations of testicular tissues from pre-pubertal, puberty, mature, and aged bulls. So that, pre-pubertal and aged groups showed faint HN immunoreactivity, pubertal animals showed moderate immunoreactivity, and mature adults showed the most intense immune response (P ≤ 0.0001). In contrast to this, miR-202-5p and miR-21 had their highest expression levels during pre-pubertal, pubertal, and mature testes and a significant decrease in aged bulls (P ≤ 0.0001). Despite the contrasting developmental trends observed at the group level, a correlation analysis involving all individual animals (n = 40) demonstrated a robust positive association between HN and miR-202-5p levels (r = 0.8196, P < 0.001). This finding implies a close regulatory connection between these molecules that functions throughout various developmental stages. Quantitatively, HN levels was correlated positively with serum testosterone (r = 0.5852, P < 0.01) and the antioxidant enzyme SOD (r = 0.8208, P < 0.001), and negatively with the oxidative stress marker MDA (r = - 0.7140, P < 0.001). The current findings show the first developmentally-specific HN expression in the bull testis, which is linked to peak reproductive maturity, hormonal balance, and redox homeostasis. The correlation with miR-202-5p suggests that there is a potential new regulatory network, and that HN is a crucial peptide for testicular function and aging. The results of this study could facilitate additional investigations into the distribution of HN throughout gonadal development, ultimately enhancing the reproductive efficiency of livestock‎‎‎.
Copyright (c) 2025 The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Insight into Genetic Diversity and Risk Factors of Ovine and Caprine Babesiosis in Erbil Governorate, Northern of Iraq
Ovine and caprine babesiosis is a significant tick-borne disease affecting small ruminants, causing economic losses and health challenges in endemic regions such as northern Iraq. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, molecular characteristics, and associated risk factors of Babesia spp. infections in small ruminants in Erbil Province, Iraq. A total of 235 animals (125 sheep and 110 goats) were clinically examined and sampled between October 2024 and March 2025. Blood smears were screened microscopically, and DNA was extracted from the blood sample collected for molecular detection. PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene of Babesia spp., B. ovis, and B. motasi was carried out using the extracted DNA from the blood samples. Microscopic examination results revealed infection rates to be 16.8% in sheep and 8.2% in goats, while PCR-based detection showed notably higher prevalence, 28.8% and 12.7%, respectively. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of B. ovis isolates confirmed strong genetic similarity with regional strains from Turkey, Iran, and Iraq. Additionally, the presence of B. ovis sequences clustering with those from non-ruminant hosts (e.g., rabbits and horses) was observed. Notably, Babesia motasi was not detected in any of the examined samples. Risk factor analysis demonstrated significant associations between infection and tick infestation, lack of acaricide use, and prior exposure to ticks. Specifically, tick-infested animals exhibited markedly higher infection rates, with odds ratios of 9.93 for sheep and 4.16 for goats. However, no statistically significant differences were observed concerning sex, age, or grazing system. These findings underscore the continued threat of Babesia infections among small ruminants in northern Iraq and highlight the need for improved tick control strategies to mitigate disease transmission‎‎‎.
Comparison of the Efficiency of Some Non-Thermal Techniques in Detoxifying Aflatoxin B1, Ochratoxin A, and Fumonisin B1 from Feeds of Poultry
Atmospheric pressure corona discharge (APCD), ultraviolet C with ozone (UVC w/ O3), and plasma treated water (PTW) have lately been spotlighted in the food industry as non-thermal techniques (NTTs) for detoxifying mycotoxins, due to their unique features. The efficiency of these techniques in detoxifying aflatoxin B1 (Afla B1), ochratoxin A (Ochra A), and fumonisin B1 (Fum B1) in feeds of poultry and their effects on quality of feed were inspected. Samples of feed were subjected to APCD, UVC w/ O3, and PTW for 10, 20, and 60 min. Mycotoxin concentrations were determined by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and outcomes were verified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Standard analytical methods were adopted for analyzing feed components and determining peroxide values (PVs). Subjecting samples to APCD, UVC w/ O3, and PTW for 10 min resulted in degradation of Afla B1 to levels of 46.6, 38.9, and 28.9%, Ochra A to 49.8, 35.9, and 29.9%, and Fum B1 to 58.6, 42.6, and 35.9%, respectively, for 20 min to Afla B1 levels of 57.7, 46.6, and 32.9%, Ochra A 68.9, 45.3, and 38.5%, and Fum B1 75.7, 49.9, and 41.6%, respectively, for 60 min to Afla B1 levels of 83.2, 65.7, and 33.8%, Ochra A 84.2, 73.6, and 40.7%, and Fum B1 84.8, 71.2, and 43.4%, respectively. The main conclusion of the study is that APCD and UVC w/ O3 can be adopted to efficiently degrade Afla B1, Ochra A, and Fum B1 in feed while maintaining its quality. According to their impact on feed quality, techniques can be ranked as follows: APCD > UVC w/ O3 > PTW‎‎‎.
Histopathological and Molecular Investigation of Pasteurella multocida Specific Outbreak in a Sheep Flock with High Mortality in Egypt
Pasteurella is a major bacterial pathogen causing respiratory signs due to pneumonia and septicemia that usually affects young animals and humans, leading to significant economic losses. it is responsible for highly contagious infections in animals, leading to high mortality and consequently financial losses for the breeders. The aim of the study was the rapid detection of Pasteurella infection outbreak. This study examined a specific outbreak of pasteurellosis in a sheep flock in Egypt based on clinical and postmortem diagnoses, molecular detection using universal and specific primers, as well as the histopathological examination to demonstrate the pathological changes on internal organs. The results revealed that 15 of 70 animals (21.4%)—primarily lambs under one year—died suddenly with mild respiratory signs. Postmortem examination revealed congested, consolidated lungs and liver lesions. Bacteriological culturing showed characteristic non-hemolytic colonies on the blood agar, and the Gram’s staining confirmed bipolar coccobacilli. PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene and SYBR Green real-time PCR targeting the KMT1 gene identified Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) in 8/10 samples. Septicemic bronchopneumonia and hepatic degeneration highlight the importance of histopathological investigation align with molecular assays for accurate diagnosis of P. multocida infection in sheep
Investigation of the Relationship between Red Blood Cell Profiles and Electrocardiographic Changes in Dogs with Parvoviral Enteritis
Canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE) is a common viral disease in puppies that frequently results in severe gastrointestinal, hematological, and cardiac effects. This study aimed to look into the relationship between red blood cells parameters and ECG abnormalities, pointing out a potential connection between hematological changes and cardiac involvement in CPE. A total of 32 dogs of different breeds were incorporated in the data collected from animal hospital and classified into two main groups: 25 puppies with parvoviral enteritis and 7 healthy controls. The diseased group was divided into three subgroups based on ages and status of vaccination. Group 1: Eight puppies without vaccinations under 3 months of age; Group 2: Nine puppies without vaccinations over 3 months of age; Group 3: Eight puppies that had received vaccine but tested positive for parvovirus. Group I had microcytic hypochromic anemia and a significantly reduced hematocrit (%). Group I higher heart rate and shorter QT interval on the ECG were connected to red blood cell indices such as MCV, RDW, and MCH. Significant correlations were also established between the PR interval and RDW and between the QT/QTc interval and RDW, MCV, and MCH. In conclusion, this study revealed that hematological changes associated with canine parvoviral enteritis—especially changes in red blood cell indices such as RDW, MCV, and MCH—are strongly connected with electrocardiographic alterations. These results put forward that the change of these blood parameters could be created to variations in cardiac electrical activity during CPE. Accurate treatment strategies and monitoring of severity may be aided by an understanding of these links. Further studies are required to clarify the clinical usefulness of these hematological parameters as potential biomarkers in systemic viral infections‎‎‎.
In Silico Discovery of Novel Drug and Vaccine Targets in Chlamydia abortus Through Subtractive Genomics
Chlamydia abortus is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes chlamydiosis, a zoonotic disease leading to abortions and stillbirths in livestock and posing significant public health risks. With rising antimicrobial resistance and limited treatment efficacy, there is a pressing need for novel, targeted therapeutics to mitigate its economic and zoonotic impact. This study employed a subtractive genomics approach to analyze the complete proteome of C. abortus (strain DSM 27085 / S26/3), aiming to identify essential, non-host homologous proteins involved in unique bacterial metabolic pathways. Out of 932 proteins, five integral membrane proteins YidC, YajC, SecY, CAB503, and CAB746 were selected based on their essentiality, pathogen-specific roles, and absence of host homology. Anti-target screening confirmed no similarity to host proteins, ensuring minimal off-target effects. Antigenicity prediction (VaxiJen > 0.4) identified YidC, YajC, SecY, and CAB503 as strong vaccine candidates, while CAB746 exhibited variable antigenicity across species. Conservancy analysis showed YidC and YajC were highly conserved across C. abortus strains, while the others displayed strain-specific variations. Domain analysis revealed conserved motifs (e.g., IPR002208 in SecY) and transmembrane regions, supporting their structural and immunological relevance. In conclusion, YidC, YajC, SecY, CAB503, and CAB746 represent promising drug and vaccine targets. Their bacterial specificity, immunogenicity, and safety profile warrant further experimental validation to support targeted interventions against chlamydiosis‎‎‎.
Effect of Feeder Modification and Feed Form on Feed Loss and Conversion Efficiency in Small-Scale Broiler Farms
Feed losses in broiler farms are negatively affecting the health and growth of broiler and thus reducing profitability. This study aimed to estimate feed loss in small-scale broiler farms using two modified conventional feeders, Trough and Tube feeders, and two different feed forms, Mash and Pellet. The experiment was carried out using non-modified feeders and modified by attaching a 4×4 cm protective net to Trough feeder and reducing length from 6 cm to 4 cm to Tube feeder. Results showed a very slight effect of feeder type on feed loss for the benefit of the Trough feeder. The feed losses were significantly noted (from 3.91% to 1.84% before and after modification, respectively) when feeding Mashed feed with Trough feeder. Similarly, it was significantly reduced from 8.17% to 2.10% before and after modification, respectively, when fed Pelleted feed with Trough feeder. However, the feed loss decreased as the older the broiler chicken gets (losses reduced from 9.93% in the 4th week to 2.39% in the 7th week). Feed loss was significantly increased when feeding pellet feed (loss=10.76%) as compared to mashed feed (feed loss=2.60%). The feed conversion ratios (FCR) were 1.93 and 1.88 when Trough and Tube feeder types were used, respectively. The feed losses were reduced from 7.32% to 0.75% and 6.04% to 1.97% for modified Tube and Trough feeders, respectively. In conclusion, feed loss was decreased as the broiler age increased, and the loss rate was higher using Pellet feed compared to Mash feed. Summing up, modified feeder by itself had no significant effect on feed loss, even though feed loss was substantially reduced, and FCR was improved‎‎‎.
Stereological and Histopathological Effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum Seeds on Rabbits Ovary
This study aimed to investigate the impacts of the Trigonella foenum-graecum (T. foenum-graecum) seeds on the female gonad. A total of twenty local rabbits were used in this study; were divided into four groups (5 each): first group (G1) was considered as the control group. The second group (G2), third group (G3) and fourth group (G4) were fed daily1.5%, 3%, and 4.5% of T. foenum-graecum seeds respectively for 60 days (twice daily). At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized by diethyl ether (C2H52O). Then the abdomen was incised, and the samples of ovaries were collected and fixed by 10% neutral buffered formalin. The histological assessment was done with a paraffin embedding technique and the histological sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin stain. The result showed that the numbers of primary and secondary follicles were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in G3and G4 compared with the control (G1) and G2. The numbers of Graafian follicles were significantly P<0.05 decreased G4 compared with other groups. The diameters of the primary, secondary, and Graafian follicles were significantly smaller than the other groups. The thickness of the granulosa cell layer in G3and G4 were significantly thinner than the other groups. The histological figures declared that the ovary of G2 was similar to that in G1. The histological sections of G3 and G4 were revealed marked cortical and medullary vascular congestion and focal hemorrhage; there were also marked follicular degeneration and cystic necrosis. The study concluded that the low concentration of T. foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds do not have any positive effect in terms of ovarian stimulation.
rabbits, ovary, Trigonella foenum-graecums, seeds, fenugreek, follicles
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Molecular Characterization of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Isolated from Naturally Infected Broiler Chickens in Erbil, Iraq
The infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a highly contagious and immunosuppressive disease of broiler chickens and the development of a new genetic variant of the virus is responsible for major economic losses in the poultry industry. For this purpose, it was essential to isolate the molecular characterization of the virus from vaccinated broiler in Erbil, Iraq. Clinically, the infectious bursal disease is characterized by high mortality (10-15%) with hemorrhagic lesions on the breast and thigh muscles, hemorrhagic and edematous bursa of diseased chickens. In this study, the Bursa of Fabricus (BF) samples were collected between June 2018 and January 2019. Histopathological changes of the bursal sections showed existence of the cystic vacuolation of the lymphoid follicles with leukocytes infiltration as pathognomic features for IBD virus infection; and homogenates samples inoculated in chorioallantoic-membrane showed mortality in the second passage with varying degrees of hemorrhages. Agar gel precipitation test (AGPT) was positive with specific antisera. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nucleotide sequence analysis of five fragments in the hypervariable region of VP2 gene revealed transition and transversion changes. Among the five recent IBD virus isolates, the rate of identity was approximately 99% as compared with the very virulent IBD virus from Iran (ID: DQ785171.1). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the five isolates were closely related to the Asian group with a different percentage ranged from 98-99% while it was 97% in the European group. The local isolate of the virus was registered in the Genebank under the accession number MN48052.1. In conclusion, the isolated IBDVs belong to a very virulent group. In addition, this study demonstrates the spread of this virulent virus to poultry industries in Erbil, Iraq. Further widespread surveys could help in delivering more information on the virus variability and might assist in designing novel vaccines for this pathogen.
Infectious bursal disease virus, VP2 gene, agar gel precipitation test, RT-PCR, chorioallantoic membrane
Effects of Adding Ваtсinеl-К® Probiotic and Vaccine CEVAC SET-K® on Some Biochemical Markers of Broilers Parents’ Stock
The combined use of probiotics and vaccines offers a potential strategy to enhance poultry health and reduce dependence on antibiotics. However, the metabolic impact of such interactions in broiler breeder chickens remains insufficiently explored. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Batcinel‑К® (Bacillus subtilis BIM‑B 454 D) and the inactivated Salmonella vaccine CEVAC SET‑K® on lipid profile, carbohydrate metabolism, renal indices, and mineral status in broiler breeder chickens. Three hundred Ross 308 chicks were distributed into six equal groups: control (no treatment), probiotic only, vaccine only, and three combined probiotic + vaccine regimens: Regimen A (four probiotic cycles 1–35 days + vaccination at 42 and 98 days + booster probiotic 91–98 days), Regimen B (four probiotic cycles 1–35 days + recurrent 3-day probiotic dosing 42–91 days + vaccination 42 and 98 days), and Regimen C (two probiotic cycles 1–21 days + intermittent 2-day probiotic dosing 42–91 days + single vaccination 98 days). Serum collected at 56, 63, and 112 days was analyzed for total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, uric acid, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. At 112 days, Regimen A produced a significant decline in total cholesterol and triglycerides (P < 0.05), accompanied by reduced uric acid and creatinine at 63–112 days. Glucose concentrations increased significantly in all probiotic groups, while magnesium was elevated in Regimen A at 112 days. Supplementation with Batcinel‑К® particularly when applied under Regimen A in combination with CEVAC SET-K®, improved lipid metabolism and mineral status in broiler breeders. Structured probiotic–vaccine programs may therefore enhance metabolic resilience and overall flock performance‎‎‎.
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Modulation and Resveratrol Influence on Dnah1 Expression: Implications for Male Reproductive Health
Male reproductive health is intricately regulated by molecular and physiological processes, with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) playing a crucial role. AhR is activated by various ligands and influences the onset and progression of diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of AhR on spermatogenesis in adult male rats were affected by resveratrol (RES) and CH223191, an AhR antagonist. The study include forty rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: Control group, DMSO group, RES group and AhR‾ group, the rats received respective treatments intraperitoneally twice weekly for 60 days, and various parameters related to male reproductive health were evaluated. The AhR that activation by the RES treatment were enhanced the sperm morphology, sperm acrosomal integrity and luteinizing hormone. Moreover, the Dnah1 gene expression, is has play major role in sperm morphology, was upregulated and testosterone levels were elevated by RES. On the other hand, sperm morphology, sperm acrosomal integrity, testosterone hormone levels, and Dnah1 expression were all reduced in AhR‍ rats. The testicular tissue integrity was maintained by RES, according to a histopathological analysis. These findings highlight the role of AhR in male reproductive health and suggest RES as a potential therapeutic agent.
Copyright (c) 2024 The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Resveratrol Administration Ameliorates Hepatotoxicity in Mercuric Chloride-‎Induced Liver Injury in Rats
Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) pollution and poisoning has been a worldwide health ‎concern for decades, especially after the industrial revolutions. The aim of this study ‎was to investigate the role of resveratrol in reversing the deleterious effects of ‎HgCl2 exposure to resume the normal functions of hepatocyte. To achieve the study, ‎mature Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to five groups. Negative control group ‎‎(C) kept without any treatment; vehicle-treated group (D) received dimethyl ‎sulfoxide (DMSO); resveratrol-treated group (R), received 100 mg/kg of resveratrol; ‎HgCl2-intoxicated group (HD), received i.p. injection of HgCl2 at a dose of 1 mg/kg ‎for 30 consecutive days along to oral gavage of DMSO; and finally HgCl2-‎intoxicated group treated with resveratrol (HR) as same treatment strategy of R-‎group. At the endpoint of the experiment, blood samples were collected for ‎biochemical liver function tests along with serum concentrations of ‎malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), body weight, as well as ‎histopathological investigation was done too. Study results revealed a significant ‎‎(P<0.05) elevation in serum AST, ALP, GGT, and MDA in HD group in comparison ‎with HR group. However, resveratrol treatment has led to a significant (P<0.05) ‎increase in serum levels of GSH in HR group in comparison with the HD group. ‎Histopathological sections showed vacuolar degeneration in HD hepatocytes while ‎resveratrol treatment protected the hepatocytes against the chemical injury. ‎Altogether, It is concluded that resveratrol administration has the ability to increase ‎the resistance of liver against the HgCl2-induced hepatotoxicity via increase the ‎antioxidant yields such as GSH resulted in reduction of hepatocellular texture ‎damage.
Copyright (c) 2023 The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF FISH MEAL ( Scyllium Canicula ) IN THE BROILER DIETS UPON THE INCIDENCE
This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different levels of fish meal on the incidence of gizzard lessions and ulcerations and percentage of mortality. A totla of 348 day old chicks were randomaly assigned to the three treatment (treatment represent 0.0 , 6.6 and 13.3% fish meal ) with four replicates per treatment. Chicks were fed ad libitum from day-old to 7 weeks of age. The results of this experiment indicated that the correlation coefficients between scores of infection severity and body weight, weight gain , feed intake and feed conversion ratio was —0.750, -0.750, -0.494 and 0.177 at 4 weeks of age, but it was -0.877 , -0.858 , -0.764 and 0.795 at 7 weeks of age respectively. The percentage of infection was 0.0 , 25 and 75% While, the infection severity was 0.0 , 1.3 and 3.0% . However, percentage of mortality was 1.80 , 5.0 and 12.5% for birds fed on diet containing 0.0 , 6.6 and 13.5 % fish meal respectively. It can be concluded that the increasing this kind of fish meal in the diet up to 13.3% 1ed to depressed broiler performane due to gizzerosine factor, which is resulting from the high temperature that had been used in fish meal processing.
Effect Of Vitamine AND Selenum On Immune Response Of CO — Baghdad Vaccine In Sheep.‎
This study was done on 57 Awassi pregnant ewes, divided in to 5 groups, the Ist control group, the second group received twicel.M.injections of vitamin E (900 mg) and Selenium (3mg), the third group received one injection of vitamin E (900mg) and selenium (3 mg), the fourth group received vitamin E via feed block (1 gm) daily for two weeks, the fifth group received vitamin E via feed block for one week (1gm daily), and all groups injected with C Baghdad vaccine.This study had been shown a significant difference in antibody titer between treated groups and the control group, from2weeks post vaccination There were significant difference in antibody _ titre (p<0.05) between lambs of treated and control group. While there were no significant difference in body weight of ewes and lambs, but was a significant difference in milk production of treated and control group.
دراسة شعاعية لتأثير حقن نخاع العظم داخل الثقوب المحدثة في الصفيحة ‏المشاشية القاصية لعظم الفخذ في الكلاب
تضمن البحث دراسة شعاعية لمعرفة تأثير الزرع الذاتي (Autogenous Graft) لنخاع العظم على سرعة غلق الصفيحة المشاشية القاصية لعظم الفخذ المثقبة تجريبيا باستعمال تقنية فمستر المحورة للصفيحة المشاشية في 6 كلاب من السلالة المحلية قسمت عشوائيا الى مجموعتين ضمت كل مجموعة 3 كلاب الاولى اجريت عليها عملية تثقيب الصفيحة المشاشية باستخدام تقنية فمستر المحورة و كانت هي مجموعة السيطرة اما المجموعة الثانية ( مجموعة المعاملة ) تم فيها حقن مادة النخاع داخل الثقوب المحدثة بنفس التقنية السابقة و تمت متابعة الحيوانات سريريا و شعاعيا لمدة 6 اشهر . أظهرت النتائج بأن زرع نخاع العظم ادى الى حدوث غلق مبكر للصفيحة المشاشية مع وجود فرق في الطول بين الطرفين و ثباته خلال اربعة اشهر فقط
Isolation and identification of the causative agent of fowl cholera in ‎Iraq and preparation of vaccines against the disease ‎2- Preparation of different vaccines against fowl cholera disease
Three types of locally isolated Pasteurella multocida antigenes namely the whole sonicated bacteria (WSB) the bacterial cell wall (BCW) and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of bacteria were prepared as a vaccine . Each type of antigenes was used in 3 concentrations that are 107, 109 and 1011 Colony Forming Units / bird for WSB and 250,500 and 750 mg/bird for BCW and LPS. Each of the prepared concentrations was injected subcutaneously into a group of broiler breeder chickens and one group was left as a control . The groups were vaccinated 2 times at 10 and 18 weeks. The progress of immune response was monitered throughout a passive haemagglutination, an agar gel immunodiffusion, delayed type hypersensitivity and challenge tests. The results demonstrated that the WSB antigens provided better protection and the concentration of 109 was the superior of all. The BCW antigen was next and the concentration of 500 mg/bird was the best among these antigenes, followed by LPS antigen and the best concentration among them was the 750 mg/bird.
Bacterial , Cytological and Biochemical study of Arthritis in sheep ‎and goats .‎
Bacteriological , cytological, and biochemical testing were performed on synovial fluid of 160 sheep’s and goats at Basrah slaughter house , 115 sheep (74 females, 41 males ) , 45 goats (34 females , 11 males). The incidence of bacterial isolation from infected sheeps was 40.05 %. in females , 48.78 % . in males ,while in goats it was 54.54%. in males 14.7%. in females. Bacterial isolates were staphalococcus aureus, pseudomonas spp, and Hemophilus spp. Staph –aureus was senstive to impeneam and amikacin Hemophilus spp. was sensitive to cephalexin and Ampicillin , all Pseudomonas spp. isolates were sensitive to penicillin and amikacin. Mucin clot test varied from fair to poor clotting, the total protein of infected animals was significantly higher than that of control group. The total leucocytic count was significantly higher (p<0.01) than that of the control group, with high perecntage of Neutrophils.
Pathological & cytogenetic effects of different doses of Cobelt-60 in ‎induced chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges ‎‎– in rats
The present study was done in different period to study the pathological effects of different doses of Cobalt – 60 radiation which represent an example of gamma rays in white rats by study the pathological & cytogentic changes. Two groups of rats exposure ,first : C0 50 second C- 150 gray for (0,30,45,90)days and the 3rd group control .The results show significant increased P<0.01 in micronuclei with high dose (C-150). Chromosomal aberration and SCE showed significant P<0.01 increased mostly in C-150 at (45 7 90)days of exposure with frequency of breaks ,dicentric , acentric and ring shape with significant reduction in mitotic index (MI)and replicative (RI) index. Pathological changes revealed that increased and enlargement with granulomatous lesion of kidney , :Liver , lungs of (C-50) and (C-150)groups. Histopathological lesion showed development of adenocarcinoma in lung , liver with granulomatous lesion in
Coccidiosis among goats in Baghdad Province - Iraq
This study concerned with prevalence of infection of the goats and their kids with coccidia during the period from 1st March 2004 to 30th February 2005. Three hundred fifty two faecal samples were collected from 32 goats. The rate of infections in goats and kids was 47.6%, 61.1% respectively. The peak of infection was in spring and winter, and then the infection declined in hot and dry summer. The rate of infection in females (33.3%) was higher than in males (14.2%). Four species of coccidia were diagnosed Eimeria ahsata, Eimeria faurei, Eimeria pallida, and Eimeria ovinoidalis.
Comparison Of Bacillus anthracis Prepared Used Antigens As ‎Diagnostic kit Of Anthrax In Laboratoy Animals.‎
This study was concerned on the preparation of several antigens on different types of culture media like brain heart infusion, tryptic soy agar and broth. A comparison was carried out among the prepared antigens using skin test in non- vaccinated guinea pigs which showed negative results. Another trials were conducted using sensitized guinea pigs with live attenuated anthrax vaccine. After three weeks of immunization, skin test was conducted and all antigens revealed positive skin reactions. The highest means were recorded by the dilution 1/40 on the brain heart infusion agar with the mean of erythema of 16.38 mm and a difference of thickness 3.44 mm, while on tryptic soy broth the mean of erythema was 14.14 mm and the difference of thickness was 3.43 mm. The mean of erythema and thickness were 10.21 mm and 2 mm subsequently observed on the dilution 1/40 on tryptic soy agar. The antigen gained from brain heart infusion gave a mean of erythema of 9.5 mm and 3.02 mm thickness. The results mentioned above indicated that the best antigens for the diagnosis and evaluation of anthrax vaccines are the antigen prepared on tryptic soy broth and the two diluted antigens as well.
Genetic evaluation of breeding efficiency estimated by Tomar ‎equation in Holstein cattle
Data analyzed included 13838 records belonged to 4100 Holstein cows over period 1988 to 2005, at the Nasr Dairy Cattle Station. The aim of the study is to evaluate sires genetically according to their daughters breeding efficiency which was estimated by Tomar equation and to estimate heritability and phenotypic trend for breeding efficiency. General Linear Model within SAS program was used to investigate the effect of some fixed factors on the breeding efficiency. The overall breeding efficiency ratio was 79.91% .Component of variance for random effects was estimated by MIVQUE method. Heritability of breeding efficiency was 0.08, whereas phenotypic trend for the same trait was positive and significant (P < 0.01), being 0.07%/year. The maximum and minimum BLUP estimates for 79 sires were 8.43% and 11.84%respectively.
Isolation &Identification of Newcastle Disease Virus From Wild Pigeons
Isolation &identification of Newcastle disease virus from wild pigeons inhabiting University of Baghdad (Al-Khwarizmi College of engineering) where velogenic and devastating infection of birds was encountered. Chicken embryos fibroblasts (CEF) were used for virus isolation (from infected spleen and lungs) and propagation. Viral cytopathogenic effect was noticed on infected (CEF) cell culture within (24) hr post inoculation. The virus was identified by heamagglutination inhibition (HI) test using reference anti NDV serum.
Effect of use of Different Levels of Zingiber officinale on Production ‎‎,blood traits and Liver enzymes in Awassi Ewe’s Blood‎
This research was designed to study the effect of tow levels of Zingiber officinale on Body weight , Hb , PCV ,WBCs account , Lymphocytes , Neutrophiles accounts GOT and ALP liver enzymes in Awassi ewe’s blood , Nine Awassi ewes aged 1.5 years were divided into 3 equal groups as followed : Group A was treated by 10 gm Zingiber officinale / animal /daily (2.5%) of diet While group B were treated with 20 gm Zingiber officinale / animal daily (5%) of diet and group C considered as Control group without given Zingiber officinale with diet ,the results showed that significant increase (P<0.05)on body weight in treatment B during weeks of trail compare with the groups A & C . also in blood traits there was a significant increase (P<0.05) in PCV, Hb, WBCs ,Lymphocytes accounts in group B during weeks of trail compare with the groups A & C while there was significant decrease (P<0.05) in Neutrophile accounts in group B during weeks of trail compare with the treatments A &C, there was significant decrease (P<0.05)on GOT (Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transminase) level in group B compare with the groups A & C. While there was a significant increase (P<0.05) on ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase) in group B compare with the groups A&C. We conclude that 20 gm / animal (5%) of diet increase body weight ,blood traits & Liver enzyme ALP in compared with other groups
Evaluation of acitretin side effects on Iraqi psoriatic patients
Acitretin is the major metabolite of etretinate , an aromatic retinoid that formerly was approved for Psoriasis by exhibiting vitamin A activity. Acitretin was wildly used to improve plaque psoriasis and also for postural psoriasis and erthrodemic psoriasis .The present study focus on the evaluation of the common side effects of acitretin which makes a wide hesitation for Iraqi dermatologists to use it in treatement of psoriasis. Twenty psoriatic outpatient were treated with a dose of 25mg/ day for three continuous months in outpatient clinic of al- noor hospital during 2009 , their lipid profiles , liver and kidney function tests before starting treatment with acitretin considered as a control values. It was noticed that AST level increased significantly during 2nd and 3rd months of treatment and there is no significant change in S. Creatinine and BUN while TG increased significantly in 2nd and 3rd months of treatment.Cholesterol increased in the 3rd month of treatment. There is other important factors should be consider before evaluation the physiological changes may be caused by acitretin like smoking , alcohol intake , obesity and genetic association between psoriasis and other physiological change. However the changes that caused by administration of acitretin were relatively acceptable and not preventive measurement , but continuous monitoring (of TG , cholesterol , liver and kidney function test) still required regularly.
Isolation of SAT2 Foot and Mouth Disease Virus in Iraq
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals, causing significant economic losses in livestock industries. The causative agent, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV), consists of seven serotypes: O, A, C, South African Territories (SAT) 1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia1. These serotypes are lack of cross-protection even among variants of the same serotype. This study aimed to isolate and identify the SAT2 serotype from Iraqi cattle, using molecular techniques and cell culture methods. A total of 100 samples, including the tongue epithelial tissue and vesicular fluid, were collected from suspected FMD cases in Diyala, Baghdad, Kirkuk, Babylon, and Salahaddin provinces between July 2023 and October 2024. The RNA was extracted, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was conducted. Primers targeting the 3D gene were used to detect FMDV, while specific primers targeting the 1D gene were employed for the SAT2 serotype identification. The virus isolation was performed on secondary sheep testis (SST) cell cultures, and then the cytopathic effects (CPE) were reported with calculating the tissue culture infectious dose 50% (TCID50) was calculated using the Reed and Muench method. The FMDV was detected in 85 samples (85%), among which 30 (35.3%) were positive for the SAT2 serotype. The virus isolation from five representative samples revealed characteristic CPE, including cell rounding, degeneration, and syncytia formation. The RT-qPCR confirmed presence of the SAT2 serotype. The TCID50 ranged from Log106.8 TCID50/mL to Log107.05 TCID50/mL. The present study successfully isolated the SAT2 serotype of the FMDV in Iraq for the first time. It underscores the importance of molecular diagnostics and virus isolation in surveillance and highlights the need for targeted vaccination strategies against SAT2‎‎‎.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Antimicrobial Use among Veterinarians and Para-Veterinarians in Gaza Strip, Palestine
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging global public health problem. Rationale use of antimicrobials can prevent the rise of this problem. The objective of this study is to characterize the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of antibiotic usage and AMR among veterinarians and para-veterinarians in Gaza Strip, Palestine. A cross-sectional study was conducted through the collection of a questionnaire from 86 personnel who served as part of a veterinary aid system, in September_ October 2022. The results show that the most common infections treated are respiratory tract infections (18%), mastitis (17%), and diarrhea (17%). The most frequent antibiotics used were penicillin/strepto-penicillin (15.6%), tetracycline/oxytetracycline (15.3%), and erythromycin (5.1%). About one-third (29.6%) of respondents relied on their previous experience when prescribing antibacterial. Nine in ten (90.7%) believed that there is ongoing antibacterial abuse in the veterinarian sector, and two-thirds (63.5%) believed that the use of wide-spectrum antibacterial is better than the narrow spectrum. The large majority of participants (91.9%) considered AMR a serious public health threat. Although most veterinarians and para-veterinarians in Gaza Strip consider the AMR a serious problem, many of them are contributing to the antimicrobial abuse in the veterinary sector. Targeted educational programs on responsible antimicrobial use and AMR are highly recommended for workers in the veterinary field. This should be implemented by regulating and monitoring the use of antimicrobials among veterinarians as well as farmers‎‎‎.
Development and Characterization of Lornoxicam-Infused Ocular Gel for Effective Treatment of Ocular Inflammation in Domestic Cats
Lornoxicam (LOX) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) effective in managing ocular inflammation. Traditional delivery methods like liquid drops are cleared rapidly and may not provide sustained therapeutic levels, necessitating the development of an ocular gel formulation. Mucoadhesive polymers such as hyaluronic acid (HA), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and Carbopol have been identified as suitable excipients to modify drug release profiles. This study aims to formulate an effective ophthalmic 0.1% w/w lornoxicam gel administered to pets for topical and continuous drug release, enhancing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing possible side effects. Eight formulations of lornoxicam ocular gel were developed by different concentrations of hyaluronic acid (HA) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100) with 0.5% w/v Carbopol P934. These formulations were in vitro evaluated for viscosity, spreadability, and drug release characteristics to the best formula G6. The formulation with optimal performance was G6 (0.5% w/v Hyaluronic acid). Ocular irritation testing was performed to assess the safety and tolerability of the formulation using a Rattus norvegicus Domestica (domestic Norwegian rat) model. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of the lornoxicam gel was investigated in a domestic cat case study, demonstrating its efficacy in treating ocular inflammation resulting from traumatic eye injury. The optimized formula G6 formulation 0.5% w/v demonstrated appropriate viscosity and spreadability, making it suitable for ocular administration. In vitro release, studies revealed an initial burst release of 92.5% within the first two hours, followed by a sustained release over the subsequent 6 hours. Ocular irritation testing using a rat model confirmed that the lornoxicam ocular gel was non-irritating. Furthermore, the therapeutic effects of the gel were observed in domestic cats, with notable improvements in ocular conditions, including reduced swelling, redness, and dryness, for less than 7 days of treatment. The lornoxicam ocular gel demonstrates promising characteristics for safe and effective treatment of ocular inflammation in domestic cats‎‎‎.
Clinical, Bacteriological, and Molecular Study of Streptococcus equi Isolated from Horses in Baghdad, Iraq
This study addresses the limited research on Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (S. equi) infections in horses in Baghdad, Iraq, a highly contagious disease known as strangles. The objective was to investigate the clinical, bacteriological, and molecular characteristics of these infections. A total of 115 samples were collected from 100 racehorses, consisting of 85 nasal swabs from horses without abscesses and 30 samples (15 nasal swabs and 15 abscess samples) from 15 horses with abscesses. The bacterium was identified based on traditional bacteriological diagnostic methods and confirmed using PCR amplification of the seeI gene. PCR detected a 34% infection rate. The findings demonstrated the PCR was more sensitive than bacterial cultivation in relation to the diagnosis of strangles. Clinical signs included fever, dyspnea, mucopurulent nasal discharge, submandibular lymph node abscessation, dysphagia, and significant respiratory distress. This study concluded that strangles significantly impact equine health, manifesting in moderate to severe clinical signs that can lead to mortality in affected horses. This underscores the necessity of studying the causative agent, S. equi, through advanced genetic methodologies to achieve accurate diagnosis and facilitate comprehensive epidemiological research. Furthermore, investigating the seeI gene expressed by S. equi is crucial to understanding its role in the disease process and developing effective control measures‎‎‎.
Feed Additives used in Nutrition and Improve the Poultry Performance and Health: A review
An approach to increase the efficiency of the poultry industry is to supplement the feed additives in diets to enhance growth rates, optimize egg production, mitigate disease prevalence, and improve feed utilization. Primary constituents of poultry diets incorporate cereal grains, predominantly corn, along with wheat, barley, sorghum, and other grains. Additionally, a predominant protein source e.g. soybean meal is utilized, although alternative protein sources, both of animal and plant origin, exist. Beyond these components, the feed nutritional quality is influenced by factors such as presentation, microbial contamination, the presence of antinutritional substances, digestibility, palatability, and intestinal health. A variety of feed additives are available to address these considerations. Particularly, the commercialization of feed additives requires approval through rigorous scientific evaluation, ensuring their lack of adverse effects on human and animal health, as well as the environment. Several feed ingredients formulated in chicken diets show antinutritional properties, limiting their applicability. To fulfill energy requirements and enhance poultry health, it is necessary to develop commercially viable alternatives to existing feed resources, emphasizing safety and cost-effectiveness. This review observed diverse strategies for the utilization of feed additives within conventional poultry production systems, aiming to enhance growth, optimize egg production efficiency, and prevent disease outbreaks.
Isolation and Detection of Biofilm Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Suspected Urinary Tract Infections in Dogs and Its Resistance to Antibiotics
This study aimed to determine the relationship between the biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the protein concentration ins it, as well as to determine the resistance of this bacterium to antibiotics. A total of 108 urine samples were collected from suspected urinary tract infections (UTIs) in dogs, conducting general urine examination (GUE) to detect the infection, isolation, and identification the bacteria based on traditional diagnostic tests, the VITEK-2 system, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 16S rRNA gene. The study involved determining the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates against ten antibiotics, determination of the biofilm layer by the tube method and Congo red method, evaluation of the strength of biofilm by microtiter plate, and detection of the biofilm protein concentration by Bradford method. The total number of P. aeruginosa isolates was 6/108 (5.5%), among which the isolates that produced the biofilm were 5/6 (83.33%). These isolates were confirmed by the VITEK-2 assay followed by the PCR and sequencing of the amplicon that validated the identity of the isolates, with 99% similarity to P. aeruginosa reference sequences, and the sequences were deposited in NCBI GenBank (accession numbers PP979721.1–PP979726.1). Analysis showed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.998) between the biofilm formation and the protein concentration. All isolates demonstrated 100% resistance to amikacin, trimethoprim, cefotaxime, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cephalexin, and lincomycin, and 33% were resistant to gentamicin, while 100% were sensitive to ciprofloxacin. In conclusion, these findings underscore a significant correlation between biofilm formation and protein concentration. The knowledge of bacterial ability to form biofilms and their antibiotic resistance pattern is important to improve veterinary practices and prescription of the appropriate antibiotic in the context of UTIs in dogs‎‎‎.